Magnetic Field-Dependent Photoluminescence of Tartrate-Functionalized Gadolinium-Doped Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles: A Potential Therapeutic Agent for Hyperbilirubinemia Treatment

Abstract

Herein, we report a magneto-photoluminescence study of transition metal oxide, in particular, Gd-doped (x = 0, 0.03, 0.10, and 0.15) MnFe2O4 (MnGd x Fe2–x O4) magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) of average diameter 10 nm on surface functionalization by a small organic ligand, disodium tartrate dihydrate (T). In marked contrast to MnGd x Fe2–x O4 NPs, the blue emission band at around 417 nm of T-MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 NPs occurs due to energy transfer transition from the highest occupied molecular orbital of the T ligand to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of surface magnetic ions (Mn2+, Fe3+, and Gd3+) in MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 NPs. Interestingly, the ligand-to-metal charge transfer increases significantly upon application of an external magnetic field (B) on T-MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 NPs. The time-dependent photoluminescence spectra of T-MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 NPs show better intensity under discontinuous B than continuous B. This outcome is further verified through the study of B-dependent RGB fluorescence micrographs. The comparative magneto-photoluminescence study of T-MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 and T-MnFe2O4 NPs reveals that sp–d coupling strength between the T ligand and Gd+3 magnetic ions plays the most prominent role for the development of magneto-photoluminescence in T-MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 NPs instead of Mn2+ and Fe3+ magnetic ions. Finally, an in vitro and bilirubin degradation study using our developed superparamagnetic and multicolor fluorescent T-MnGd0.10Fe1.90O4 NPs reveals their nontoxicity and potential activity as a therapeutic agent for hyperbilirubinemia treatment.

Influence of Controlled Dipolar Interaction for Polymer-Coated Gd-Doped Magnetite Nanoparticles toward Magnetic Hyperthermia Application

“…It has been observed that the M s value has increased in the case of CGdFO compared to DGdFO, which can be explained via ligand field theory, , as chitosan and dextran behave as a ligand and further impact the crystal field splitting. The theory of ligand field stabilization energy suggests that when a cation is under the influence of a strong field ligand, the energy of its d-orbitals splits (Δ o ), and it adopts a low spin state to achieve a stable configuration. , In the case of chitosan-coated MNPs, it has been observed that due to the domination of the amine group present in chitosan, it has a greater tendency to prefer the low spin state of Fe 3+ in the octahedral site.…”

“…It has been observed that the M s value has increased in the case of CGdFO compared to DGdFO, which can be explained via ligand field theory, , as chitosan and dextran behave as a ligand and further impact the crystal field splitting. The theory of ligand field stabilization energy suggests that when a cation is under the influence of a strong field ligand, the energy of its d-orbitals splits (Δ o ), and it adopts a low spin state to achieve a stable configuration. , In the case of chitosan-coated MNPs, it has been observed that due to the domination of the amine group present in chitosan, it has a greater tendency to prefer the low spin state of Fe 3+ in the octahedral site. On the contrary, due to the existence of a hydroxyl group in dextran-coated MNPs, it behaves as a weak field ligand with a high spin state, as displayed in Figure .…”

“…The “self-heating” of MNPs is a procedure that can produce heat by utilizing an external AC magnetic field. In the present study, highly researched Fe 3 O 4 MNPs have been elected as a reference material and tried to tune its properties with appropriate Gd doping and further coating with biocompatible chitosan and dextran. ,,, Figure portrays the time-dependent temperature variant curve for processed MNPs at 1 mg/mL concentration. As indicated in Figure , excluding FO MNPs, all the reference NPs displayed the hyperthermic threshold regime (40–47 °C) .…”

“…44 As mentioned above, according to the XRD study, chitosan and/or dextran influences the tetrahedral and octahedral sites and initiates the enriching bond length compared to the bare ones. It has been observed that the M s value has increased in the case of CGdFO compared to DGdFO, which can be explained via ligand field theory, 45,46 as chitosan and dextran behave as a ligand and further impact the crystal field splitting. The theory of ligand field stabilization energy suggests that when a cation is under the influence of a strong field ligand, the energy of its d-orbitals splits (Δ o ), and it adopts a low spin state to achieve a stable configuration.…”

Study of biopolymer encapsulated Eu doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia application

“…Besides, the Rietveld refinement further corroborates the reconfiguration of cation distribution within the CEuFO and DEuFO MNPs. The observed increase in the M s of DEuFO comparison to CEuFO can be accredited to the ligand characteristics of chitosan and dextran, where ligands act to influence the crystal field splitting following the principles of ligand field theory 51 , 52 . The findings suggest that dextran-coated MNPs prefer a high spin state of Fe 3+ within the octahedral site, owing to the presence of a hydroxyl group serving as a weak field ligand 53 .…”