Magnetic fields in electrochemistry: The Lorentz force. A mini-review

Monzón, Lorena M. A.; Coey, J. M. D.

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2014.02.006

Cited by 269 publications

(220 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Effects of constant magnetic field on electrolysis have been studied for 40 years [1] on such objects as metals, metal alloys, composites, and polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1995, Tacken and Janssen [4] published a review BApplications of magnetoelectrolysis^in which they described practical applications of magnetic field in electrochemistry. In 2014, Monzon and Coey [1] wrote a review paper about Lorentz force and its influence on electrodeposition. The aforementioned review works are invaluable for any scientist who works with constant magnetic field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of constant magnetic field on electrodeposition of metals, alloys, conductive polymers, and organic reactions

Kołodziejczyk

Miękoś

Zieliński

et al. 2018

J Solid State Electrochem

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The paper presents and summarizes some research on constant magnetic field effects in chemistry. Metals and alloys electrodeposited under constant magnetic field have greater thickness and smoother surface with finest grains. Metallic materials deposited under the influence of uniform magnetic field may have stronger corrosion resistance, than those obtained without the presence of magnetic field. Constant magnetic field also causes an increase of the electropolymerization rate and yield of some organic reactions. Our research also shows that the presence of constant magnetic field affects the electrodeposition process of alloys and their morphology to a great extent. The effects of magnetic field on metals, alloys, composites, polymers and other materials are due to the Lorentz force and the magnetohydrodynamic effect. It is possible that the further development of magnetoelectrodeposition will allow for using the constant magnetic field to improve the properties of metal coatings, alloys, polymers, and other materials in the industry.

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“…Effects of constant magnetic field on electrolysis have been studied for 40 years [1] on such objects as metals, metal alloys, composites, and polymers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of constant magnetic field on electrodeposition of metals, alloys, conductive polymers, and organic reactions

Kołodziejczyk

Miękoś

Zieliński

et al. 2018

J Solid State Electrochem

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“…4,5 Recently, it has been found that in electrode reactions, absolutely different type of cavity, i.e., ionic vacancies are created. 7,8,11,12 An ionic vacancy is composed of water molecules and ions, which yield a charged vacuum space of about a 1 ¡ radius surrounded by an oppositely charged ionic cloud (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbubble Formation from Ionic Vacancies in Copper Anodic Dissolution under a High Magnetic Field

et al. 2015

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Ionic vacancies created in copper anodic dissolution has been firstly observed by the conversion to microbubbles using both of cyclotron effect and pinch effect under a vertical magnetic field; in a circulating solution induced by Lorentz force, ionic vacancies collide with each other, changing to nanobubbles. Then, the circulation of the nanobubbles with solution makes further collisions, yielding microbubbles. Based on this result, the lifetimes of ionic vacancy formed in copper electrodeposition were finally determined.

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“…The superposition of a magnetic field on the inherent electric field gives rise to Lorentz forces f L = j × B acting as body forces directly on the electrolyte, where j denotes the current density and B is the magnetic induction, respectively. 13 The flow generated by these Lorentz forces is often referred to as the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect.It was shown that stirring with Lorentz forces reduced the ohmic losses and overpotentials in alkaline and acidic environments. 14,15 Moreover, a reduced void fraction in the electrode gap and a lower bubble coverage on large electrodes was observed for increasing magnetic field strengths and thus increasing magnitudes of the Lorentz force in the case of an electrode-parallel magnetic field.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Electrolyte Convection around a Hydrogen Bubble Evolving at a Microelectrode under the Influence of a Magnetic Field

Baczyzmalski

Karnbach

Yang

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Water electrolysis was carried out in a 1 M H 2 SO 4 solution under different potentiostatic conditions in the presence of a magnetic field oriented normal to the horizontal microelectrode (100 μm in diameter). The imposed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electrolyte flow around the evolving hydrogen bubble was studied to clarify the effect on the detachment of the bubble from the electrode and the mass transfer toward the electrode. Different particle imaging and tracking techniques were applied to measure the three-dimensional flow in the bulk of the cell as well as in close vicinity of the evolving bubble. The periodic bubble growth cycle was analyzed by measurements of the current oscillations and microscopic high-speed imaging. In addition, a numerical study of the flow was conducted to support the experimental results. The results demonstrate that the MHD flow imposes only a small stabilizing force on the bubble. However, the observed secondary flow enhances the mass transfer toward the electrode and may reduce the local supersaturation of dissolved hydrogen. Renewable energy technologies have become increasingly important in view of the worldwide rising CO 2 emissions. The growing application of volatile energy sources such as wind and solar power requires efficient energy storage and distribution systems in order to sustain stability in the electrical grid. Hydrogen shows great potential for long-term energy storage as well as mobile units employing fuel cells as it provides a large energy density. Moreover, high purity hydrogen (and oxygen) can be directly generated from the electricity produced by a wind turbine or solar panel by the electrolysis of water. However, one main challenge for the establishment of water electrolysis on an industrial scale is its relatively low efficiency, typically in the order of 60% for conventional alkaline water electrolyzers. 1 A considerable part of the losses is the result of hydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles evolving at, and sticking to the electrodes' surfaces, thus hindering the formation of new gas bubbles. Furthermore, they reduce the effective electrical conductivity of the electrolyte, which leads to an increased ohmic voltage drop. The accelerated removal of gas bubbles from the electrode's surface and the bulk was studied by many researchers to improve the efficiency of the process.2-6 Forced convection has been found to be able to enhance the detachment of bubbles from the electrode and therefore reduce the fractional bubble coverage significantly.7-12 A relatively simple method that has recently attracted considerable research interests in this context is the application of magnetic fields. The superposition of a magnetic field on the inherent electric field gives rise to Lorentz forces f L = j × B acting as body forces directly on the electrolyte, where j denotes the current density and B is the magnetic induction, respectively. 13 The flow generated by these Lorentz forces is often referred to as the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect.It was shown that stirring with...

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Magnetic fields in electrochemistry: The Lorentz force. A mini-review

Cited by 269 publications

References 53 publications

Influence of constant magnetic field on electrodeposition of metals, alloys, conductive polymers, and organic reactions

Influence of constant magnetic field on electrodeposition of metals, alloys, conductive polymers, and organic reactions

Microbubble Formation from Ionic Vacancies in Copper Anodic Dissolution under a High Magnetic Field

On the Electrolyte Convection around a Hydrogen Bubble Evolving at a Microelectrode under the Influence of a Magnetic Field

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