Magnetic Hydrogel for Cartilage Tissue Regeneration as well as a Review on Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Cartilage Repair Strategies

Abstract

There is a clear clinical need for efficient cartilage healing strategies for treating cartilage defects which burdens millions of patients physically and financially. Different strategies including microfracture technique, osteochondral transfer, and scaffold-based treatments have been suggested for curing cartilage injuries. Although some improvements have been achieved in several facets, current treatments are still less than satisfactory. Recently, different hydrogel-based biomaterials have been suggested as a therapeutic candidate for cartilage tissue regeneration due to their biocompatibility, high water content, and tunability. Specifically, magnetic hydrogels are becoming more attractive due to their smart response to magnetic fields remotely. We seek to outline the context-specific regenerative potential of magnetic hydrogels for cartilage tissue repair. In this review, first, we explained conventional techniques for cartilage repair and then compared them with new scaffold-based approaches. We illustrated various hydrogels used for cartilage regeneration by highlighting the magnetic hydrogels. Also, we gathered in vitro and in vivo studies of how magnetic hydrogels promote chondrogenesis as well as studied the biological mechanism which is responsible for cartilage repair due to the application of magnetic hydrogel.

BMSCs-Seeded Interpenetrating Network GelMA/SF Composite Hydrogel for Articular Cartilage Repair

“…Due to the avascular and low cellularity nature, cartilage has a limited intrinsic healing capacity when injured. When cartilage defects are left untreated, the joint deteriorates over time due to ongoing mechanical degeneration and loss of cartilage tissue, leading to osteoarthritis, the most common cause of disability [ 1 , 2 ]. Current clinical treatment strategies for osteochondral defects include bone marrow stimulation, autologous chondrocyte implantation, and osteochondral autografts and allografts [ 1 , 3 ].…”

Bioactive Magnetic Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Review of Recent Findings in CaP‐Based Particles and 3D‐Printed Scaffolds

“…Particularly, increased cell proliferation rates, enhancement of mechanical, antibacterial, and magnetic cell patterning are some of the prospective applications of NP for devices in tissue repairing. [125][126][127][128] Moreover, MNP, including iron oxide NP, are also largely considered in regenerative TE, [129][130][131][132][133][134] with a high focus on hard tissue regeneration [79,[135][136][137] due to their well-known biocompatibility and magnetic properties. [79] The magnetic particles incorporated in a bone-like substitute can act as local magnetic field amplifiers due to their typically large magnetization.…”

Anterior cruciate ligament injury and its postoperative outcomes are not associated with polymorphism in COL1A1 rs1107946 (G/T): a case–control study in the Middle East elite athletes

“…Type I collagen is the primary fibrillar collagen found in bones, tendons, and ligaments. This heterotrimer molecule consists of two α 1 chains and one α 2 chain encoded by COL1A1 (chr17q21.33) and COL1A2 (chr7q21.3) genes, respectively [16,17]. Similar to many medical conditions in which familial genetic linkage has been found, researchers are interested in collagen gene variations in ACL injured patients to find a strong genetic predisposition and valid prognostic tool [15,16,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”