“…3,16 Therefore, this effective temperature invariant thermal expansion can be exploited in a number of technological applications such as precision measurements for standards, large size cryogenic liquid containers, etc. 15,17 Furthermore, the Invar effect is not limited to being a property of only Fe-Ni alloys, but it is also found in many other crystalline three dimensional ͑3D͒ systems such as Fe-Pt, Pd 3 Fe, Fe 3 C, or Fe-Cu, [18][19][20][21][22] amorphous Fe alloys, [23][24][25] as well as intermetallic systems such as R-Fe ͑R = Rare Earth͒. 26,27 Hence, these alloys can be structurally ordered or disordered, ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic.…”