Magnetic levitation of metamaterial bodies enhanced with magnetostatic surface resonances

Urzhumov, Yaroslav; Chen, Wen-Chen; Bingham, Chris; Padilla, Willie J.; Smith, David R.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.054430

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Such resonant force is result of surface plasmon resonances at the boundary between air and substrate 16 . This resembles the high forces that arise using magnetostatic surface resonances for levitation of metamaterials 22 . Ideally, this resonance can result in an arbitrarily large force acting on the dipole, but as is typical with resonant phenomena, it is limited in practice by the losses.…”

Section: As a Function Of The Height Over The Substrate (Vertical Aximentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Levitation Usingϵ-Near-Zero Metamaterials

2014

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Levitation of objects with action at a distance has always been intriguing to humans. Several ways to achieve this 1 , such as aerodynamic, acoustic, or electromagnetic methods, including radiation pressure 2 , stable potential wells 3 , and quantum Casimir-Lifshitz forces 4 , exist. A fascinating approach for levitation is that of magnets over superconductors based on the Meissner effect -the expulsion of the magnetic field by a superconductor 5 .With the advent of metamaterials-designed structures with electromagnetic properties that may not be found in nature-we ask whether a material may be conceived exhibiting similar field expulsion, but involving the electric field. We show how a special subcategory of metamaterials, called epsilon-nearzero materials 6-9 , exhibits such electric classic analog to the Meissner effect, exerting a repulsion on nearby sources. Repulsive forces using anisotropic and chiral metamaterials have been investigated 10-16 , but our proposal uses a different mechanism based on field expulsion, and is very robust to both losses and material dispersion. Figure 1 illustrates the basis of our proposal for electric levitation in vicinity of an ENZ metamaterial. Figure 1(a) displays a magnet over a superconducting substrate, demonstrating, in a simple form, the wellknown physics of the Meissner effect. The superconductor expels the magnetic flux density B as it does not allow the flux to penetrate inside. As this is a quantum phenomenon, the superconductor does not simply behave as a perfect conductor, implying only the condition ∂B/∂t = 0, but acts analogous to a perfect diamagnetic material in which B = 0. Although neither of the hypotheses of magnetic permeability μ being zero and conductivity σ → ∞ offers a complete description of the transition into the superconducting state, the phenomenon is occasionally associated 17 with μ = 0-one would expect that a material with μ = 0 expels the magnetic fields away from its surface (since normal component of the magnetic flux density B should be zero outside the material near its surface). This will exert a magnetostatic gradient force on the magnet and levitate the magnet to a stable point. Inspired by this notion, we envision an analogue classical scenario, shown in Fig. 1(b). Can we have an electric classical dual of Meissner effect involving metamaterials? In other words, would an epsilon near zero material (ENZ) exhibit a similar behaviour, albeit classical, for the electric fields? In an ENZ substrate, the displacement current D generated by a polarized particle will be expelled in an analogous (but classic) fashion, and thus may result in levitation of the particle. The apparent simplicity of this analogy may 2 0 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 -10 -7 -10 -6 -10 -5 be misleading: one could argue that the same analog to Meissner effect could be achieved with the use of a classic conductor, inside which the electric field is zero. However, in such case free charges would accumulate on the surface of a conductor, creating an outside electric field normal...

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Section: As a Function Of The Height Over The Substrate (Vertical Aximentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Levitation Usingϵ-Near-Zero Metamaterials

2014

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“…Achieving low permeability while keeping, at the same time, low weight of the structure, can be quite helpful to facilitate magnetic levitation, 17 and the array of conductive rings considered in this work appears to be suitable for such use. Also, with the lowest nonresonant magnetic permeability considered so far, this analysis may pave a road towards the so-called MNZ (permeability near zero) materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband diamagnetism in anisotropic metamaterials

et al. 2013

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We discuss the strategy for achieving the values of the effective magnetic permeability much smaller than unity by employing an appropriate arrangement of metamaterial elements ("meta-atoms"). We demonstrate that strong diamagnetism over a very wide frequency range can be realized in metamaterials by employing nonresonant elements with deeply subwavelength dimensions. We analyze the effect of the lattice parameters on the diamagnetic response and find that selecting an appropriate lattice type is crucial for optimal performance. Finally, we discuss the optimal characteristics required to obtain the lowest possible values of magnetic permeability and point out an efficient tuning possibility.

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“…While there are no natural materials, exhibiting strong diamagnetic response at room temperature, it has been recently shown that certain metamaterials can be characterized by effective magnetic permeability

μ_{eff} \approx 0

in a considerably wide frequency range , and the effect of the magnetic levitation of macroscopic objects over the surface of such metamaterials has been predicted . Generally, the study of electromagnetic forces both at macro‐ and micro level has become a rapidly growing research area in recent years …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%