Magnetic Nanocomposites and Imprinted Polymers for Biomedical Applications of Nucleic Acids

Abstract

Magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) combine the features of magnetic nanoparticles and a second material, which provide distinct physical, chemical, and biological properties. The magnetic core for nanocomposite synthesis is extensively used due to its high saturation magnetization, chemical stability, large surface area, and easy functionalization. Moreover, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic particle imaging (MPI), hyperthermia, and targeted drug and gene delivery by an external magnetic field. Numerous composing units exist, which leads to the outstanding application of composites. This review focuses on nucleic acid-based bioapplications of MNCs with polymeric, organic, inorganic, biomolecules, and bioinspared surface coating. In addition, different forms, such as core–shell, doping, multilayer, yolk–shell, and Janus-shaped hybrids, are discussed, and their unique properties are highlighted. The unique types of nanocomposites as magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) properties are presented. This review presents only the synthesis of MNCs using ready-made magnetic cores. These restrictions are associated with many materials, the quantitative and qualitative magnetic core composition, and synthesis procedures. This review aims to discuss the features of nucleic acid-based MNC information available to researchers in this field and guide them through some problems in the area, structure variation, and surface functionalization possibilities. The most recent advancements of MNCs and imprinted polymers in nucleic acid-based therapy, diagnostics, theranostics, magnetic separation, biocatalytic, and biosensing are introduced.

pH-Responsible Doxorubicin-Loaded Fe3O4@CaCO3 Nanocomposites for Cancer Treatment

“…Moreover, such incorporation gives a new unique feature, providing widespread applications. The building blocks for MNCs may be organic molecules or polymers, inorganic substances, and bioinspired [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].…”

“…MNCs have widespread applications in drug delivery, magnetic field-influenced transport, magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia therapy, theranostics, magnetic separation, and biosensor areas [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. NC is a promising tool for external magnetic field target-specific delivery of anticancer agents [ 1 , 21 , 22 , 30 ]. The surfaces of MNPs for in vivo applications should be modified with a highly biocompatible material to acquire excellent stability, good solubility, and low toxicity [ 1 ].…”

“…NC is a promising tool for external magnetic field target-specific delivery of anticancer agents [ 1 , 21 , 22 , 30 ]. The surfaces of MNPs for in vivo applications should be modified with a highly biocompatible material to acquire excellent stability, good solubility, and low toxicity [ 1 ]. The good magnetic core surface protection and low interaction with a solvent primarily lead to high biocompatibility of MNPs [ 2 , 3 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Fluorinated Human Serum Albumin as Potential 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probe

“…Paramagnetic metal complexes of Gd and Mn, and iron oxide nanoparticles are among the primary-used CA [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. However, recent concerns regarding low stability and potential toxicity of Gd-based and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles CAs make their clinical use challenging [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Therefore, new metal-free technologies were developed [ 15 ].…”

Nylon-6-Coated Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles and Nanocapsules for Cancer Treatment

“…Magnetochemistry 2023, 9, 106 2 of 16 However, efficient vehicle design for effective therapeutic drug delivery poses a significant challenge in clinical cancer treatment. Various nanoscale systems based on polymers, gold, calcium carbonate, silica, magnetic materials, biological components, or bioinspared have been proposed as controlled release methods for DOX [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”