Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy for Point-of-Care: A Review on Recent Advances

Abstract

Since its first report in 2006, magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS)-based biosensors have flourished over the past decade. Currently, MPS are used for a wide range of applications, such as disease diagnosis, foodborne pathogen detection, etc. In this work, different MPS platforms, such as dual-frequency and mono-frequency driving field designs, were reviewed. MPS combined with multi-functional magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been extensively reported as a versatile platform for the detection of a long list of biomarkers. The surface-functionalized MNPs serve as nanoprobes that specifically bind and label target analytes from liquid samples. Herein, an analysis of the theories and mechanisms that underlie different MPS platforms, which enable the implementation of bioassays based on either volume or surface, was carried out. Furthermore, this review draws attention to some significant MPS platform applications in the biomedical and biological fields. In recent years, different kinds of MPS point-of-care (POC) devices have been reported independently by several groups in the world. Due to the high detection sensitivity, simple assay procedures and low cost per run, the MPS POC devices are expected to become more widespread in the future. In addition, the growth of telemedicine and remote monitoring has created a greater demand for POC devices, as patients are able to receive health assessments and obtain results from the comfort of their own homes. At the end of this review, we comment on the opportunities and challenges for POC devices as well as MPS devices regarding the intensely growing demand for rapid, affordable, high-sensitivity and user-friendly devices.

Static and dynamic magnetization models of magnetic nanoparticles: an appraisal

“…Thus, the decoupled Néel relaxation dominated probability density function ( ) F x t , in equation (59) can be solved. In summary, the decoupled Brownian and Néel relaxation dominated probability density functions ( ) F x t , are provided in equations (40) and (59), respectively. To solve the ( ) F x t , from the time derivative function, the Legendre polynomial expansion is applied [113,116,117].…”

“…In such cases, non-equilibrium states exist at each instantaneous time. These dynamic, non-equilibrium magnetization responses of MNPs play a crucial role in many applications involving high frequency AC magnetic fields, such as magnetic hyperthermia , magnetic particle imaging (MPI) [21,22,[50][51][52][53], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [54][55][56][57][58], and magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) [59][60][61][62][63]. Thus, in section 4, we review mathematical models that predict the dynamic, non-equilibrium magnetization responses of MNPs.…”

Magnetic Nanoparticles: A Review on Synthesis, Characterization, Functionalization, and Biomedical Applications

“…[ 14–16 ] The application of MNPs in the biomedical context is a fast‐growing field, where MNPs are actively used as tracers in magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS)‐based biosensors, contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐based biosensors, labels in magnetic biosensors, heating sources in hyperthermia therapy, carriers in drug and gene delivery, etc. [ 17,18 ]…”

Metamaterial as perfect absorber for high sensitivity refractive index based biosensing applications at infrared frequencies

“…In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the development of biosensing platforms that aim to achieve rapid and reliable detection of various diseases, pathogens, and environmental factors [25][26][27][28][29]. These platforms offer an alternative to conventional methods that are often expensive, time-consuming and require specialized equipment and personnel.…”