NiFe oxyhydroxide materials are highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an important process for carbon-neutral energy storage. Recent spectroscopic and computational studies increasingly support iron as the site of catalytic activity but differ with respect to the relevant iron redox state. A combination of hybrid periodic density functional theory calculations and spectroelectrochemical experiments elucidate the electronic structure and redox thermodynamics of Ni-only and mixed NiFe oxyhydroxide thin-film electrocatalysts. The UV/visible light absorbance of the Ni-only catalyst depends on the applied potential as metal ions in the film are oxidized before the onset of OER activity. In contrast, absorbance changes are negligible in a 25% Fe-doped catalyst up to the onset of OER activity. First-principles calculations of proton-coupled redox potentials and magnetizations reveal that the Ni-only system features oxidation of Ni 2+ to Ni 3+ , followed by oxidation to a mixed Ni 3+/4+ state at a potential coincident with the onset of OER activity. Calculations on the 25% Fedoped system show the catalyst is redox inert before the onset of catalysis, which coincides with the formation of Fe 4+ and mixed Ni oxidation states. The calculations indicate that introduction of Fe dopants changes the character of the conduction band minimum from Ni-oxide in the Ni-only to predominantly Fe-oxide in the NiFe electrocatalyst. These findings provide a unified experimental and theoretical description of the electrochemical and optical properties of Ni and NiFe oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts and serve as an important benchmark for computational characterization of mixedmetal oxidation states in heterogeneous catalysts.NiFe oxyhydroxide | oxygen evolution reaction | electrocatalysis | spectroelectrochemistry | density functional theory T he photoelectrochemical conversion of water into O 2 and H 2 is a major focus of energy storage and conversion efforts (1-4), with significant attention directed toward development of efficient catalysts for water oxidation and reduction. Such catalysts should operate at low overpotential, exhibit high selectivity, and be composed of earth-abundant materials. Commercial electrolyzers typically use transition-metal-oxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) (5, 6), and nickel, nickel-iron, and other mixed-metal oxides are especially effective under alkaline conditions (7,8). Despite the importance and potential future impact of these materials, many features of their catalytic mechanism are poorly understood.Nickel oxyhydroxide has long been associated with OER electrocatalysis (9, 10); however, much of the activity in this material has been shown to arise from the presence of Fe impurities (7, 11). This conclusion complements extensive independent studies demonstrating the effectiveness of NiFebased oxide and oxyhydroxide materials as OER electrocatalysts (12-14), including a survey of nearly 3,500 mixed-metal-oxide compositions, which drew attentio...