Magnetic resonance force detection and spectroscopy of electron spins in phosphorus-doped silicon

Wago, K.; Züger, O.; Wegener, J.; Kendrick, R. D.; Yannoni, C. S.; Rugar, D.

doi:10.1063/1.1147967

Cited by 51 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The quality factor of the cantilevers used in this study were on the order of 10. This can be increased to 10 3 or higher by careful design and operation in vacuum, 13 such that the noise floor can be reduced to 0.1 pm/ͱHz. Using a bandwidth of 7.8 mHz, the rms vibrational noise will be about 10 fm.…”

Section: ͓S0003-6951͑97͒04129-6͔mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Photothermal measurements at picowatt resolution using uncooled micro-optomechanical sensors

Varesi

Lai

Perazzo

et al. 1997

Applied Physics Letters

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Deflections of bimaterial microcantilever beams were optically detected with 400 fm resolution at room temperature. This enabled photothermal radiation detection with resolutions of 40 pW for power and 10 fJ for energy. The resolution was improved by an order of magnitude by optimizing the thickness ratio of the two beam materials, as well as by modulating the incident radiation at sufficiently high frequency to be in the range of the thermal white noise limit of the cantilever vibrations. Radiative power was detected with a noise spectral density of and 250 pW/Hz and detectivity, D*, of 4.6×107 cm Hz/W.

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Section: ͓S0003-6951͑97͒04129-6͔mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[11][12][13] Figure 2͑a͒ shows the spectral density of thermal noise, ␦, in pm/ͱHz for both types of cantilevers. The mechanical resonant peaks can be clearly seen at about 17 kHz for Au/SiN x and at 21 kHz for Al/SiN x cantilevers.…”

Section: ͓S0003-6951͑97͒04129-6͔mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photothermal measurements at picowatt resolution using uncooled micro-optomechanical sensors

Varesi

Lai

Perazzo

et al. 1997

Applied Physics Letters

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“…46 In another early experiment by Wago et al, it was shown that magnetic resonance force microscopy could observe the ESR line splitting arising from hyperfine coupling of donor electrons to the 31 P donor nuclear spin in silicon. 115 The promise of spectroscopic measurements continued with a demonstration of MRFM-detected nutation and spin echoes. 116 Nutation spectroscopy was extended to quadrupolar nuclei in an experiment detecting NMR from five nuclei using MRFM ͑ 23 Na, 69 Ga, 71 Ga, 27 Al, and 51 V͒.…”

Section: E Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in mechanical detection of magnetic resonance

Kuehn

Hickman

Marohn

2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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The invention and initial demonstration of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the early 1990s launched a renaissance of mechanical approaches to detecting magnetic resonance. This article reviews progress made in MRFM in the last decade, including the demonstration of scanned probe detection of magnetic resonance (electron spin resonance, ferromagnetic resonance, and nuclear magnetic resonance) and the mechanical detection of electron spin resonance from a single spin. Force and force-gradient approaches to mechanical detection are reviewed and recent related work using attonewton sensitivity cantilevers to probe minute fluctuating electric fields near surfaces is discussed. Given recent progress, pushing MRFM to single proton sensitivity remains an exciting possibility. We will survey some practical and fundamental issues that must be resolved to meet this challenge.

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“…The advantage of the mechanical detection of magnetic resonance is that the signal-to-noise ratio is larger than in classical inductive ESR. Different ways of optimizing the signal have been tried and established (cantilever design [9,10], three-dimensional imaging [6,11], anharmonic modulation [8], new RF coil design [12] and RF pulses [13]). …”

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confidence: 99%

Instrumental aspects of magnetic resonance force microscopy

Streckeisen

Rast

Wattinger

et al. 1998

Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing

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A novel sample preparation technique for deposition of small volumes from the liquid phase is described. Samples with diameters as small as 0.5 µm were created with this technique. A series of cantilever geometries was manufactured, with the aim of optimizing the Q-factor. Force sensitivities of 8 × 10 −17 N/ √ Hz were achieved at room temperature, which is a considerable improvement over commercial cantilevers. Mechanisms which determine Q-factors are discussed briefly. Quantitative understanding of MRFM is absolutely necessary. Calculations of the magnetic field and field gradients for several types of permanent magnets are presented.Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is a novel method, has been introduced theoretically by Sidles [1-3] and experimentally by . Early experiments have shown that samples of a few nanograms in mass, corresponding to about 10 12 spins, are detectable with conventional cantilevers. Provided that cantilevers are optimized (high Q, low spring constant) and high magnetic field gradients of existing magnetic force microscopy (MFM) tips are implemented, estimations show that a resonance signal of a single spin might become detectable. At present the sample is mounted on the cantilever and relatively low magnetic field gradients are created by permanent magnets which are mounted in close vicinity to the sample. In an inhomogeneous static magnetic field B t the sample is polarized (Fig. 1). With a time-dependent RF field spin flips are induced. By modulation of the RF field and/or the static field it is possible to create a time-dependent periodic force F(t), which can be expanded into a Fourier series [5,8]. If the frequency ω of the force F(t) is the same as the frequency of the cantilever ω c , the resonance enhancement of the cantilever can be used to detect small forces. The force that acts on the cantilever is proportional to the deflection which can be measured with an interferometer or a microscope of beam-deflection type. The advantage of the mechanical detection of magnetic resonance is that the signal-to-noise ratio is larger than in classical inductive ESR. Different ways of optimizing the signal have been tried and established (cantilever design [9, 10], Fig. 1. Block diagram of the magnetic resonance force microscope three-dimensional imaging [6, 11], anharmonic modulation [8], new RF coil design [12] and RF pulses [13]).In this paper instrumental aspects of MRFM are discussed. Simulation of the magnetic field of different types of polarization magnetsA knowledge of the magnetic field B of the permanent magnet is important in estimating the distance between cantilever and sample for the resonance conditions. The field gradient ∂B/∂z is important for force calculations and for the spatial range where the sample comes into resonance [12,14]. For known geometry of the polarization magnet, the field can be calculated. The scalar potential is given byand the field is given by B(r) = −µ 0 ∇φ m (r) .Most magnetic shapes can be approximated by a spherical, cylindrical or conica...

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Magnetic resonance force detection and spectroscopy of electron spins in phosphorus-doped silicon

Abstract: Advantages of superconducting quantum interference device-detected magnetic resonance over conventional high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance for characterization of nanomagnetic materials

Cited by 51 publications

References 22 publications

Photothermal measurements at picowatt resolution using uncooled micro-optomechanical sensors

Photothermal measurements at picowatt resolution using uncooled micro-optomechanical sensors

Advances in mechanical detection of magnetic resonance

Instrumental aspects of magnetic resonance force microscopy

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