Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal limb of the standing horse

Mair, T. S.; Kinns, J.; Jones, Robert; Bolas, Nick

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3292.2005.tb00340.x

Cited by 63 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In previous MR studies T1w images were used for anatomical visualization of different structures (Arencibia et al 2000, Busoni et al 2005, Mair et al 2005). In the present study the visualization of anatomical structures was superior in the T2w images compared to the T1w images.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and adjacent anatomical structures in 13 healthy horses

Kaminsky¹,

Bienert‐Zeit²,

Hellige³

et al. 2014

PHK

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Summary:The nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses of 13 healthy horses of different breeds aged 4 to 20 years were examined under general anaesthesia using 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency. T2-weighted images were obtained in a transversal and dorsal orientation as well as T1-weighted images and proton density weighted images in a transversal orientation. Images were examined for the visualization of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and adjacent anatomical structures. Differences and similarities in the appearance of the anatomical structures in the different MRI sequences as well as inter-and intraindividual differences and similarities were documented. In four selected planes of the transversal oriented T2-weighted images the thickness of the venous plexus of the nasal mucosa of the left and right side could be measured in 12 horses. Planes and measurement points were chosen by defined anatomical landmarks. Visualized anatomical structures were well delineated in 3 Tesla magnetic resonance images. Inter-and intraindividual differences were present in the appearance of the nasal septum, the venous plexus of the nasal mucosa, the infraorbital canal and other structures in the examined healthy horses. The thickness of the venous plexus of the nasal mucosa was measured with up to 25.5 mm lining the spiral lamella of the ventral concha and the nasal meatus were entirely occluded by the nasal mucosa in some horses. Knowledge of the physiological appearance of anatomical structures in 3 Tesla MRI is fundamental in the use of this imaging modality as a diagnostic instrument. Interindividual differences in the appearance of anatomical structures are present in healthy horses and therefore not to be interpreted as pathologies in clinical cases.Keywords: MRI / horse / paranasal sinuses / nasal mucosa / upper airways / 3 Tesla Darstellung der Nasenhöhlen, Nasennebenhöhlen und angrenzender anatomischer Strukturen im 3 Tesla-Magnetresonanztomographen bei 13 gesunden Pferden Die Nasen-und Nasenebenhöhlen von 13 gesunden Pferden unterschiedlicher Rasse im Alter von 4 bis 20 Jahren wurden in Allgemeinanästhesie mit einem Magnetresonanztomographen der Feldstärke 3 Tesla untersucht. Die Pferde wurden in Rückenlage positioniert. Es wurden transversal und dorsal ausgerichtete Aufnahmen in einer T2-Gewichtung sowie transversal ausgerichtete Aufnahmen in einer T1-und einer Protonengewichtung erstellt. Die Bilder wurden systematisch betrachtet und ausgewertet. Im Rahmen der Auswertung wurde besonders auf die Darstellung der anatomischen Strukturen im Bereich der Nasen-und Nasennebenhöhlen geachtet. Im Zuge der Betrachtung wurde die Darstellung der verschiedenen anatomischen Strukturen in den unterschiedlichen Aufnahmesequenzen beurteilt und Ähn-lichkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den Sequenzen dokumentiert. Auch inter-und intraindividuelle Unterschiede und Übereinstimmungen wurden dokumentiert. In vier ausgewählten Schnittebenen der transversal orientierten T2-gewichteten Sequ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In anderen MRT-Studien wurden T1-gewichtete Sequenzen genutzt um eine anatomische Darstellung von Strukturen zu erreichen (Arencibia et al 2000, Busoni et al 2005, Mair et al 2005. In unserer Studie waren T2-gewichtete Sequenzen den T1-gewichteten Sequenzen im Bezug auf die anatomische Darstellung deutlich überlegen.…”

Section: Die Venenplexus Der Nasenschleimhautunclassified

3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and adjacent anatomical structures in 13 healthy horses

Kaminsky¹,

Bienert‐Zeit²,

Hellige³

et al. 2014

PHK

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“…Longitudinal tears of the flexor tendons can be detected on MRI images, but small fibrillations and focal area of fibrosis are more difficult to see. High field as well as low field units have proved to be sensitive for the examination of bones as well as soft tissues of the equine digit (Mair et al . 2003; Jacquet et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic examination of the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock in the horse: Technique and normal images

Seignour

Coudry

Norris

et al. 2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive ultrasonographic technique to image the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock in the horse, from the manica flexoria (MF) down to the base of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) and to describe the normal images. Ultrasonography, in combination with radiography, is the technique of choice to identify and document tendon and ligament injuries in routine practice and has been shown adequate for evaluating the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock. Detailed descriptions of transverse and longitudinal sections performed on the weightbearing or flexed limb are provided, as well as the technique for dynamic examination of the area. A thorough knowledge of detailed ultrasonographic anatomy is critical to identify abnormal images and establish an accurate diagnosis of palmar/plantar fetlock injuries.

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“…Hallmarq was formed in the summer of 2000 by a small group of MRI scientists, who had an interest in horses. After just over a year of development the first MRI images were collected from a standing horse at the Bell Equine Veterinary Clinic, Kent, UK in early 2002 . The technology has been embraced by equine veterinary practice, and there are now 71 Hallmarq MRI scanners around the world and, by October 2013 40,000 horses had been scanned (Hallmarq.net).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Has this interest and commercial activity been matched by scientific results? While the majority of publications relate to ‘high field’ general anaesthesia magnets, there have been a wide number of publications from standing magnets as well . It has been established that the diagnoses produced and the frequency of them are comparable, no matter which scan system is employed .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging and foot lameness. Problem solved? Or do we know we know less now that we know more?

Bladon¹

2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Magnetic resonance imaging of the distal limb of the standing horse

Cited by 63 publications

References 21 publications

3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and adjacent anatomical structures in 13 healthy horses

3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and adjacent anatomical structures in 13 healthy horses

Ultrasonographic examination of the palmar/plantar aspect of the fetlock in the horse: Technique and normal images

Magnetic resonance imaging and foot lameness. Problem solved? Or do we know we know less now that we know more?

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