Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint in patients with skeletal open bite and subjects with no dentofacial abnormalities

CBCT in orthodontics: assessment of treatment outcomes and indications for its use

“…When these conditions occur during development, they can result in perturbed growth of the condyle on the affected joint, decrease in ipsilateral mandibular growth and contribute to compensations in the maxilla, tooth position, occlusion and cranial base. [112][113][114][115] Bilateral degenerative changes in the TMJ also may alter the facial growth pattern resulting in adverse skeletal and dental changes in the vertical, horizontal and transverse directions and contributing to mandibular retrusion, anterior open bite and Class II malocclusion. 103,[112][113][114] Because of the large numbers of structures involved and the inherent limitations of 2D radiography, changes resulting from these disorders are difficult to characterize accurately with conventional 2D radiography.…”

“…[112][113][114][115] Bilateral degenerative changes in the TMJ also may alter the facial growth pattern resulting in adverse skeletal and dental changes in the vertical, horizontal and transverse directions and contributing to mandibular retrusion, anterior open bite and Class II malocclusion. 103,[112][113][114] Because of the large numbers of structures involved and the inherent limitations of 2D radiography, changes resulting from these disorders are difficult to characterize accurately with conventional 2D radiography. By contrast, CBCT images by allowing the concurrent visualization of the TMJs and assessment of the maxillo-mandibular-spatial relationships and occlusion provide the opportunity to visualize and quantify the local and regional effects associated with the TMJ abnormalities.…”