Magnetic resonance imaging of the fetus

Abstract

Fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become established as part of clinical practice in many centres worldwide especially when visualization of the central nervous system pathology is required. In this review we summarize the recent literature and provide an overview of fetal development and the commonly encountered fetal pathologies visualized with MRI and illustrated with numerous MR images. We aim to convey the role of fetal MRI in clinical practice and its value as an additional investigation alongside ultrasound yet emphasize the need for caution when interpreting fetal MR images especially where experience is limited.

Measurements using 7.0 T post‐mortem magnetic resonance imaging of the scalar dimensions of the fetal brain between 12 and 20 weeks gestational age

“…Reliable quantification of the fetal brain before this stage is lacking. A possible reason is that fetal MRI examination is allowed commonly after 18 weeks gestational age using the highest field strengths of 1.5 T or less than 1.5 T at present (Jokhi and Whitby, 2011). To obtain quantitative data on the fetal brain before 18 weeks gestational age, the best approach might be to scan fetal specimens with MR of high magnetic strength.…”

Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Low Socioeconomic Status

“…5–9 Yet, the long-term neurobehavioral consequences have remained relatively unexplored. Results from the few studies that have examined this show deficits in fine and gross motor function, 10–13 lower verbal IQ, 14 language impairment, 15 greater inattention and hyperactivity, 13,16 and poorer general cognitive function.…”

Antenatal diagnosis and management of life-limiting conditions

“…33 Central nervous system malformations have traditionally been an area where clinicians' and parents' concerns have been heightened, because of the concern that the anomaly might lead to learning difficulties or indeed 'brain damage' for the child that the fetus will become. 34 The prenatal finding of cerebral ventriculomegaly (dilation of the lateral ventricles) is a common indication for referral to a fetal medicine specialist, particularly if it becomes progressive or severe. 35 While the postnatal outcome for confirmed cases of truly isolated mild ventriculomegaly appears to be good in the great majority of cases, 36 such a favourable prognosis is contingent on a thorough assessment for other structural and chromosomal anomalies.…”