Magnetic resonance imaging staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the head and neck

King, Ann D.; Bhatia, Kunwar S.

doi:10.4329/wjr.v2.i5.159

Cited by 66 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Superior extension of NPC is the most frequent route of direct extension, with the most common sites of involvement being the clivus, pterygoid bones, body of the sphenoid bone, and apices of the petrous temporal bones [35]. Skull base invasion is seen in up to 60% of NPC patients at diagnosis [36,37].…”

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Features that constitute intracranial extension include the presence of meningeal involvement (appearing as nodular enhancement), soft tissue masses within the middle and/or posterior cranial fossa, as well as evidence of perineural spread. Direct invasion of the brain is rare at diagnosis [35]. There are multiple routes into the cavernous sinus, including perivascular extension along the horizontal portion of the internal carotid artery through the foramen lacerum ( Figure 7A, B), perineural extension along the V3 through the foramen ovale( Figure 7C), as well as direct extension from the orbital fissures or through the skull base [35].…”

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct invasion of the brain is rare at diagnosis [35]. There are multiple routes into the cavernous sinus, including perivascular extension along the horizontal portion of the internal carotid artery through the foramen lacerum ( Figure 7A, B), perineural extension along the V3 through the foramen ovale( Figure 7C), as well as direct extension from the orbital fissures or through the skull base [35].…”

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…True perineural spread; however, is uncommon in the pre-treatment setting [35]. Cranial nerve invasion is associated with a higher rate of distant metastases and decreased survival [11].…”

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since up to 10% of primary NPC tumors are missed on endoscopy [8,9], cross-sectional imaging studies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), are required for diagnosis. Imaging also allows forassessment of the exact boundaries of pharyngeal wall involvement and tumor invasion into surrounding structures.…”

Section: Role Of Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Imaging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Chan

Sahgal

Fatterpekar

et al. 2014

J Nasopharyng Carcinoma

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Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common primary neoplasm to arise in the nasopharynx. It is an aggressive tumor with a propensity for local tumour invasion and a high incidence of metastases to cervical lymph nodes. Due to its central location in the nasopharynx, primary tumours have many potential routes of local spread, including into important spaces such as the orbital and intracranial spread. This article discusses the current imaging techniques used in the diagnosis and staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and reviews the 7 th edition of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TMN staging system for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

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Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…True perineural spread; however, is uncommon in the pre-treatment setting [35]. Cranial nerve invasion is associated with a higher rate of distant metastases and decreased survival [11].…”

Section: Stage T3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Imaging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Chan

Sahgal

Fatterpekar

et al. 2014

J Nasopharyng Carcinoma

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Towards system genetics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the mouse model, cellular platform, and clinical human data

Zohud,

Lone,

Nashef

et al. 2023

Anim Models and Exp Med

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Head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is a leading global malignancy. Every year, More than 830 000 people are diagnosed with HNSCC globally, with more than 430 000 fatalities. HNSCC is a deadly diverse malignancy with many tumor locations and biological characteristics. It originates from the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. The most frequently impacted regions are the tongue and larynx. Previous investigations have demonstrated the critical role of host genetic susceptibility in the progression of HNSCC. Despite the advances in our knowledge, the improved survival rate of HNSCC patients over the last 40 years has been limited. Failure to identify the molecular origins of development of HNSCC and the genetic basis of the disease and its biological heterogeneity impedes the development of new therapeutic methods. These results indicate a need to identify more genetic factors underlying this complex disease, which can be better used in early detection and prevention strategies. The lack of reliable animal models to investigate the underlying molecular processes is one of the most significant barriers to understanding HNSCC tumors. In this report, we explore and discuss potential research prospects utilizing the Collaborative Cross mouse model and crossing it to mice carrying single or double knockout genes (e.g. Smad4 and P53 genes) to identify genetic factors affecting the development of this complex disease using genome‐wide association studies, epigenetics, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, lncRNA, histone modifications, methylation, phosphorylation, and proteomics.

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Comparison of new magnetic resonance imaging grading system with conventional endoscopy for the early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Liu

et al. 2021

Cancer

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Background Although stratifying individuals with respect to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) risk with Epstein‐Barr virus–based markers is possible, the performance of diagnostic methods for detecting lesions among screen‐positive individuals is poorly understood. Methods The authors prospectively evaluated 882 participants aged 30 to 70 years who were enrolled between October 2014 and November 2018 in an ongoing, population‐based NPC screening program and had an elevated NPC risk. Participants were offered endoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and lesions were identified either by biopsy at a follow‐up endoscopy or further contact and linkage to the local cancer registry through December 31, 2019. The diagnostic performance characteristics of endoscopy and MRI for NPC detection were investigated. Results Eighteen of 28 identified NPC cases were detected by both methods, 1 was detected by endoscopy alone, and 9 were detected by MRI alone. MRI had significantly higher sensitivity than endoscopy for NPC detection overall (96.4% vs 67.9%; Pdifference = .021) and for early‐stage NPC (95.2% vs 57.1%; P = .021). The sensitivity of endoscopy was suggestively lower among participants who had previously been screened in comparison with those undergoing an initial screening (50.0% vs 81.2%; P = .11). The authors observed a higher overall referral rate by MRI versus endoscopy (17.3% vs 9.1%; P < .001). Cases missed by endoscopy had early‐stage disease and were more commonly observed for tumors originating from the pharyngeal recess. Conclusions MRI was more sensitive than endoscopy for NPC detection in the context of population screening but required the referral of a higher proportion of screen‐positive individuals. The sensitivity of endoscopy was particularly low for individuals who had previously been screened.

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Magnetic resonance imaging staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the head and neck

Cited by 66 publications

References 36 publications

Imaging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Imaging of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Towards system genetics analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using the mouse model, cellular platform, and clinical human data

Comparison of new magnetic resonance imaging grading system with conventional endoscopy for the early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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