Magnetic stimulation of gold fiducial markers used in Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: Evidences of hyperthermia effects

Preparation of Biopex-Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Potential Fiducial Markers for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

“…Radiation therapy is one of the most common cancer treatments that uses beams of intense energy, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells by destroying their genetic material. , However, tumors rarely display a fixed position during irradiation due to breathing motion, peristalsis, and other body motions. , To compensate for variations in tumor position, image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) has been commonly used in the clinic to improve radiation precision and accuracy, thereby reducing the treatment toxicity and optimizing therapeutic efficacy. , In IGRT, fiducial markers are required to be inserted near the tumor, then the computer can retrieve the spatial information between the tumor and the fiducial marker by taking images of the diseased area. Normally, fiducial markers are metal-based solid implants with large physical dimensions. ,, These large-sized fiducial markers are considered highly invasive, especially for the elderly, and require complicated insertion procedures, which might result in the risk of complications, such as pneumothorax, − infection, , and bleeding. It is therefore critical to explore minimally invasive alternatives to the current large-sized tissue markers, such as injectable fiducial markers (colloidal- or liquid-like) − and several commercial markers, including gold anchor fiducial markers, polymark fiducial markers, and BioXmark.…”

“…3,4 To compensate for variations in tumor position, image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) has been commonly used in the clinic to improve radiation precision and accuracy, thereby reducing the treatment toxicity and optimizing therapeutic efficacy. 5,6 In IGRT, fiducial markers are required to be inserted near the tumor, then the computer can retrieve the spatial information between the tumor and the fiducial marker by taking images of the diseased area. Normally, fiducial markers are metal-based solid implants with large physical dimensions.…”

“…Normally, fiducial markers are metal-based solid implants with large physical dimensions. 5,7,8 These large-sized fiducial markers are considered highly invasive, especially for the elderly, and require complicated insertion procedures, which might result in the risk of complications, such as pneumothorax, 9−11 infection, 12,13 and bleeding. It is therefore critical to explore minimally invasive alternatives to the current largesized tissue markers, such as injectable fiducial markers (colloidal-or liquid-like) 14−17 and several commercial markers, including gold anchor fiducial markers, polymark fiducial markers, and BioXmark.…”

Injectable Fiducial Marker for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy Based on Gold Nanoparticles and a Body Temperature-Activated Gel-Forming System

“…A larger three-dimensional planning margin is then required to compensate for the geometric and setup uncertainties, but it also brings increased exposure of normal tissue to radiation . Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) has accordingly emerged for optimizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing treatment toxicity by improving the radiation delivery accuracy and lowering the dosage to nearby tissues or organs. , In IGRT techniques, internal reference points with a fixed position like a skeleton are normally necessary to clearly track the tumors. Fiducial markers would be needed for high tumor positioning accuracy and precise dose delivery in cases that the positions of tumors cannot be correlated with natural reference points.…”