Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and nerve roots in children. Maturation of cortico-motoneuronal projections

Müller, Katharina; Hömberg, V.; Lenard, H. G.

doi:10.1016/0168-5597(91)90105-7

Cited by 162 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The observation that cortical stimulation more frequently failed to elicit motor responses in younger children has been well described in human studies using electrical stimulation (Wyllie and Awad, 1991), human studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) (Muller et al, 1991) as well as a cat study using electrical stimulation (Chakrabarty and Martin, 2000). Studies have shown that the motor threshold is negatively correlated with the age of subjects (Muller et al, 1991;Chitoku et al, 2001).…”

Section: Younger Age Associated With Failure To Elicit a Hand Motor Rmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Younger Age Associated With Failure To Elicit a Hand Motor Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have shown that the motor threshold is negatively correlated with the age of subjects (Muller et al, 1991;Chitoku et al, 2001). It has been speculated that immature development of myelination in the cortico-spinal tract may be associated with failure to generate motor responses in young children (Muller et al, 1991;Wyllie and Awad, 1991). Thus, failure to elicit motor responses in young children by electrical stimulation does not necessarily indicate the absence of motor function on the brain region electrically stimulated (Wyllie and Awad, 1991;Chitoku et al, 2001).…”

Section: Younger Age Associated With Failure To Elicit a Hand Motor Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Haseeb¹,

Asano²,

Juhász³

et al. 2007

Epilepsy Research

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SummaryObjective: We determined whether the primary motor hand area was most frequently located in the precentral gyrus in young patients with intractable focal seizures. Methods:Sixty-five patients with focal seizures aged between 5 months and 20 years who underwent a two-stage epilepsy surgery using chronic subdural-EEG monitoring were studied. Pairs of subdural electrodes were electrically stimulated, and the brain region with contralateral hand movement induced by the lowest-intense stimulus was defined as the primary motor hand area.Results: Contralateral hand movement was induced without afterdischarges in 50 children but not in the remaining 15 children. The unpaired t-test revealed that failure to induce contralateral hand motor movement was associated with younger age of subjects. Among the 50 patients with a positive motor response, the primary motor hand area was confined to the precentral gyrus in 9 patients, confined to the postcentral gyrus in 24, and located in both the pre-and post-central gyri in the remaining 17. The McNemar's test revealed that the observed frequency of 24 patients showing the primary motor hand area confined to the postcentral gyrus was larger than chance frequency. Logistic regression analysis failed to demonstrate that the observation of the primary motor hand area confined to the postcentral gyrus was associated with the age, the presence of dysplastic lesion or the seizure onset involving the frontal lobe. Conclusion:Our study failed to support the traditionally-accepted notion that the primary motor hand area is most frequently located in the precentral gyrus but rather demonstrated that a substantial proportion of young patients had the primary motor hand area in the postcentral gyrus.

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Section: Younger Age Associated With Failure To Elicit a Hand Motor Rmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Younger Age Associated With Failure To Elicit a Hand Motor Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Younger Age Associated With Failure To Elicit a Hand Motor Rmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Haseeb¹,

Asano²,

Juhász³

et al. 2007

Epilepsy Research

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show abstract

“…Our results cannot directly address the importance of central feedforward mechanisms in these infants. Although the motor cortex and its descending input are still immature at this age both histologically (Brody et al 1987;Huttenlocher 1979;Yakovlev and Lecours 1967) and functionally (Eyre et al 1991(Eyre et al , 2000Muller et al 1991;Szelenyi et al 2003), it remains possible that a feedforward command from either the cerebral cortex or the midbrain could be involved.…”

Section: Rate Of Breathing Is a Function Of The Rate Of Steppingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathing Frequency Changes at the Onset of Stepping in Human Infants

Noah¹,

Boliek²,

Lam³

et al. 2008

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Breathing frequency increases at the onset of movement in a wide rage of mammals including adult humans. Moreover, the magnitude of increase in the rate of breathing appears related to the rate of the rhythmic movement. We determined whether human infants show the same type of response when supported to step on a treadmill. Twenty infants (ages 9.7 Ϯ 1.2 mo) participated in trials consisting of sitting, stepping on the treadmill, followed by sitting again. Breathing frequency was recorded with a thermocouple, positioned under one naris and taped to a soother that the infant held in his/her mouth. A video camera, electrogoniometers, and force platforms under the treadmill belts recorded stepping movements. We found that the rate of breathing changed at the beginning of stepping. Most surprisingly, we found that when infants stepped at a frequency slower than their breathing frequency in sitting, the breathing frequency decreased. Average breathing frequency during stepping was positively correlated with stepping frequency. There was no evidence of entrainment between stepping and breathing. In conclusion, the rapid change in breathing frequency at the beginning of movement is functional in infants. The direction and magnitude of change in breathing is associated with the leg movements.

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“…In early development, nerve conduction velocity becomes faster because of increases in axon diameter and myelin thickness as well as changing properties of the cell membrane (Waxman, 1980). TMS of motor cortex in children suggest that the fastest corticospinal efferents do not reach adult conduction times until the age of 8-10 years (Müller, Hömberg, & Lenard, 1991). The dependence on afferent feedback and limitations in cognitive processing may also be important factors in determining the rate at which speech is produced at different stages of development (Smith & McLean-Muse, 1986).…”

Section: Age-related Changes Were Consistent With Those Observed Durimentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous facial motility in infancy: A 3D kinematic analysis

Green

Wilson

2005

Developmental Psychobiology

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Early spontaneous orofacial movements have rarely been studied experimentally, though the motor experiences gained from these behaviors may influence the development of motor skills emerging for speech. This investigation quantitatively describes developmental changes in silent, spontaneous lip and jaw movements from 1 to 12 months of age using optically based 3D motion capture technology. Twenty‐nine typically developing infants at five ages (1, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months) were studied cross‐sectionally. Infants exhibited spontaneous facial movements at all ages studied. Several age‐related changes were detected in lip and jaw kinematics: the occurrence of spontaneous movements increased, movement speed increased, the duration of movement epochs decreased and movement coupling among different facial regions increased. Additionally, evidence for stereotypic movements was not strong. The present findings suggest that, during the first year of life, early spontaneous facial movements undergo significant developmental change in the direction of skill development for speech. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 48: 16–28, 2006.

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Magnetic stimulation of motor cortex and nerve roots in children. Maturation of cortico-motoneuronal projections

Cited by 162 publications

References 20 publications

Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Young patients with focal seizures may have the primary motor area for the hand in the postcentral gyrus

Breathing Frequency Changes at the Onset of Stepping in Human Infants

Spontaneous facial motility in infancy: A 3D kinematic analysis

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