Magnetic Temporal Interference For Noninvasive, High-resolution, and Localized Deep Brain Stimulation: Concept Validation

Abstract

Non-invasive deep brain stimulation has been a major challenge in the field of neuroscience and brain stimulation in the past three decades. Current brain stimulation technologies suffer from such hurdles as the inability to do deep brain stimulation, poor spatial resolution, and invasiveness. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique, for instance, cannot target brain regions deeper than ∼2cm and has a poor spatial resolution, impacting a large area of the peripheral region and leading to various side effects. Implantable electrodes, even though effective for deep brain stimulation, are invasive and carry various drawbacks related to the surgery and site infection. In this paper, we propose a new concept that relies on temporal interference of two high- frequency magnetic fields generated by two electromagnetic coils. The neural system does not respond to each of these high-frequency magnetic fields alone because of the intrinsic low-pass filtering properties of the neural membrane. The peripheral areas of the brain are impacted only by the high-frequency magnetic fields that cannot stimulate the nerves, while the deep brain area where the two fields interfere experiences a magnetic field that contains a low-frequency envelope and therefore the nerves can be stimulated. This technique can noninvasively focus a magnetic or electric beam at any depth inside the brain with a high resolution, without impacting the peripheral regions.

Magnetically Induced Temporal Interference for Focal and Deep-Brain Stimulation

“…In conventional TI stimulation methods, electrodes are placed above the scalp to convey the electric current into the brain tissue to penetrate the cranium (Grossman et al, 2017 ; Sunshine et al, 2021 ). This has raised concerns that the skin-electrode impedance could deteriorate the performance of the electric current propagation (Zaeimbashi et al, 2020 ). Consequently, the applied current or voltage could possibly oscillate by maintaining a constant value.…”