Magnetically Aligned Nanorods in Alginate Capsules (MANiACs): Soft Matter Tumbling Robots for Manipulation and Drug Delivery

Mair, Lamar O.; Chowdhury, Sagar; Paredes-Juarez, Genaro A.; Guix, Maria; Bi, Chenghao; Johnson, Benjamin; English, Brad; Jafari, Sahar; Baker-McKee, James; Watson-Daniels, Jamelle; Hale, Olivia; Stepanov, P.Yu.; Sun, Danica; Baker, Zachary K.; Ropp, Chad; Raval, Shailesh B.; Arifin, Dian R.; Bulte, Jeff W.M.; Weinberg, I.; Evans, Benjamin A.

doi:10.3390/mi10040230

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…2,[64][65][66] Ingenious larger nanostructures ("micro-robots") which can be actuated by external magnetic fields have also been described, with the goal of targeting drug delivery. [67][68][69][70] These may or may not contain iron, or utilize a tumbling motion. 67,71 Few reports have described the use of unbound MNP clusters (also referred to as "aggregates" or, more accurately "agglomerates") as microdevices for delivering therapeutic agents at human-sized distances.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Rotating Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters as Microdevices for Drug Delivery</p>

Willis¹,

Pernal²,

Gaertner³

et al. 2020

IJN

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Background: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) hold promise for enhancing delivery of therapeutic agents, either through direct binding or by functioning as miniature propellers. Fluid-filled conduits and reservoirs within the body offer avenues for MNP-enhanced drug delivery. MNP clusters can be rotated and moved across surfaces at clinically relevant distances in response to a rotating magnet. Limited data are available regarding issues affecting MNP delivery by this mechanism, such as adhesion to a cellular wall. Research reported here was initiated to better understand the fundamental principles important for successful implementation of rotational magnetic drug targeting (rMDT). Methods: Translational movements of four different iron oxide MNPs were tested, in response to rotation (3 Hz) of a neodymium-boron-iron permanent magnet. MNP clusters moved along biomimetic channels of a custom-made acrylic tray, by surface walking. The effects of different distances and cellular coatings on MNP velocity were analyzed using videography. Dyes (as drug surrogates) and the drug etoposide were transported by rotating MNPs along channels over a 10 cm distance. Results: MNP translational velocities could be predicted from magnetic separation times. Changes in distance or orientation from the magnet produced alterations in MNP velocities. Mean velocities of the fastest MNPs over HeLa, U251, U87, and E297 cells were 0.24 ± 0.02, 0.26 ± 0.02, 0.28 ± 0.01, and 0.18 ± 0.03 cm/sec, respectively. U138 cells showed marked MNP adherence and an 87.1% velocity reduction at 5.5 cm along the channel. Dye delivery helped visualize the effects of MNPs as microdevices for drug delivery. Dye delivery by MNP clusters was 21.7 times faster than by diffusion. MNPs successfully accelerated etoposide delivery, with retention of chemotherapeutic effect. Conclusion: The in vitro system described here facilitates side-by-side comparisons of drug delivery by rotating MNP clusters, on a human scale. Such microdevices have the potential for augmenting drug delivery in a variety of clinical settings, as proposed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Rotating Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters as Microdevices for Drug Delivery</p>

Willis¹,

Pernal²,

Gaertner³

et al. 2020

IJN

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show abstract

“…loaded alginate capsules with aligned ferromagnetic nanorods to create a microrobotic platform (MANiACs) for delivering biomedical payloads ( Figure a). [ 110 ] The high magnetization of the fixed dipole nanorods allowed the capsules to be rotated with small magnetic fields using relatively low loading volume fractions. The capsules demonstrated guided tumbling locomotion on glass surfaces, biological tissue surfaces (rat intestine), and inclined surfaces (up to 15°) over centimeter‐scale distances.…”

Section: Untethered Magnetic Microrobotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Actuation Methods in Bio/Soft Robotics

Ebrahimi

Cappelleri

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

190

104

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In recent years, magnetism has gained an enormous amount of interest among researchers for actuating different sizes and types of bio/soft robots, which can be via an electromagnetic‐coil system, or a system of moving permanent magnets. Different actuation strategies are used in robots with magnetic actuation having a number of advantages in possible realization of microscale robots such as bioinspired microrobots, tetherless microrobots, cellular microrobots, or even normal size soft robots such as electromagnetic soft robots and medical robots. This review provides a summary of recent research in magnetically actuated bio/soft robots, discussing fabrication processes and actuation methods together with relevant applications in biomedical area and discusses future prospects of this way of actuation for possible improvements in performance of different types of bio/soft robots.

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“…Even when the robot has a battery component embedded within, actuation by an externally controlled field has the advantage of saving power consumption. [164,165] Therefore, magnetic soft actuators are ideally suited for small-scale untethered medical robot applications such as targeted drug delivery, [125,161,[166][167][168][169] microsurgery, [170,171] deployable patch applications, [172] cell delivery/manipulation, [173] and localized sensing. [174,175] The five subpanels in Figure 6 showcase representative application examples for each category.…”

Section: Small-scale Untethered Medical Robotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetically Controlled Soft Robotics Utilizing Elastomers and Gels in Actuation: A Review

Chung

Parsons

Zheng

2020

Advanced Intelligent Systems

111

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A magnetic field has unique advantages in controlling soft robotics inside of an enclosed space, such as surgical catheters or untethered drug‐delivering robots operating in the human body. Soft actuators, made of elastomers and gels functionalized with magnetically active materials, are natural choices to drive magnetically controlled motions of soft robots. Recent innovations in soft material technologies, including 3D printing, origami/kirigami, tough hydrogels, mechanical metamaterials, and liquid metal‐injected elastomers, offer technological foundations to develop soft actuators and robots with significantly enhanced performance. Herein, an overview of magnetic soft actuators and robots from a materials engineer's perspective is provided. First, the historical background and recent trends of magnetic soft actuators are discussed. Second, the motions of tethered or untethered magnetic soft robotics are classified into aquatic swimmers, terrestrial locomotors, and grippers. Herein, preprogrammed motion under patterned magnetic stimuli is achieved by controlled magnetization of elastomeric materials containing hard magnetic particles. Finally, the applications of magnetically controlled soft robotics in surgical and therapeutic medical devices are discussed.

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Magnetically Aligned Nanorods in Alginate Capsules (MANiACs): Soft Matter Tumbling Robots for Manipulation and Drug Delivery

Cited by 23 publications

References 84 publications

<p>Rotating Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters as Microdevices for Drug Delivery</p>

<p>Rotating Magnetic Nanoparticle Clusters as Microdevices for Drug Delivery</p>

Magnetic Actuation Methods in Bio/Soft Robotics

Magnetically Controlled Soft Robotics Utilizing Elastomers and Gels in Actuation: A Review

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