2021
DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.749024
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Magnetically Guided Catheters, Micro- and Nanorobots for Spinal Cord Stimulation

Abstract: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an established treatment for refractory pain syndromes and has recently been applied to improve locomotion. Several technical challenges are faced by surgeons during SCS lead implantation, particularly in the confined dorsal epidural spaces in patients with spinal degenerative disease, scarring and while targeting challenging structures such as the dorsal root ganglion. Magnetic navigation systems (MNS) represent a novel technology that uses externally placed magnets to precise… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(5 citation statements)
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“…Because of the biosafety of these microrobots, they have great potential in several biomedical applications, for example, targeted delivery toward different kinds of tumor microenvironments, delivering drugs to the eye, knee cartilage regeneration [ 70 ], enhanced chemodynamic therapy [ 109 ], spinal cord stimulation [ 110 ], sensing [ 111 ], treating acute ischemic stroke [ 112 ], and hyperthermia therapy [ 113 , 114 ]. Biodegradable microrobots are one of the most critical development trends in this area.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Because of the biosafety of these microrobots, they have great potential in several biomedical applications, for example, targeted delivery toward different kinds of tumor microenvironments, delivering drugs to the eye, knee cartilage regeneration [ 70 ], enhanced chemodynamic therapy [ 109 ], spinal cord stimulation [ 110 ], sensing [ 111 ], treating acute ischemic stroke [ 112 ], and hyperthermia therapy [ 113 , 114 ]. Biodegradable microrobots are one of the most critical development trends in this area.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Nanorobots functioning in a swarm can be coordinated to execute complex tasks collectively and cooperatively, significantly enhancing their efficacy. Swarms of nanorobots can be maneuvered collectively via the same fuel source, such as light or magnetic fields [37], [38].…”
Section: Miscellaneousmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition to optical applications, another potential trend of 4DM/NRs is the interdisciplinary application in bio-science [ 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 ]. To enable more intricate micro/nano cargo manipulation, such as encapsulation and release, in biological settings, it is crucial to equip microrobots with the ability to adapt and morph their shapes in dynamic environments ( Figure 10 ).…”
Section: Prospective Future and Applications Of 4dm/nrsmentioning
confidence: 99%