“…In order to observe these phenomena, the surface roughness must be smaller than the electron wavelength at the Fermi level. This effect influences almost all the physical properties, for example inverse photoemission and photoemission [61,62], magnetic anisotropy [63], magneto-optic response [64][65][66], electrical conductivity [67], Hall effect [67], superconductivity [69], etc. Even at an early stage of growth, the film-growth is influenced by quantum well effect via its surface free energy [70,71].…”