Magnetofluoro-Immunosensing Platform Based on Binary Nanoparticle-Decorated Graphene for Detection of Cancer Cell-Derived Exosomes

Abstract

Multi-functionalized carbon nanomaterials have attracted interest owing to their excellent synergic properties, such as plasmon resonance energy transfer and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Particularly, nanoparticle (NP)-decorated graphene (GRP) has been applied in various fields. In this study, silver NP (AgNP)- and magnetic iron oxide NP (IONP)-decorated GRP were prepared and utilized as biosensing platforms. In this case, AgNPs and GRP exhibit plasmonic properties, whereas IONPs exhibit magnetic properties; therefore, this hybrid nanomaterial could function as a magnetoplasmonic substrate for the magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system. Conversely, exosomes were recently considered high-potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of diseases. However, exosome diagnostic use requires complex isolation and purification methods. Nevertheless, we successfully detected a prostate-cancer-cell-derived exosome (PC-exosome) from non-purified exosomes in a culture media sample using Ag/IO-GRP and dye-tetraspanin antibodies (Ab). First, the anti-prostate-specific antigen was immobilized on the Ag/IO-GRP and it could isolate the PC-exosome from the sample via an external magnetic force. Dye-tetraspanin Ab was added to the sample to induce the sandwich structure. Based on the number of exosomes, the fluorescence intensity from the dye varied and the system exhibited highly sensitive and selective performance. Consequently, these hybrid materials exhibited excellent potential for biosensing platforms.

Exosomes as Powerful Biomarkers in Cancer: Recent Advances in Isolation and Detection Techniques

“…In order to further enhance the detection of exosomes with high sensitivity and selectivity, Lee et al have developed a strategy using silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and magnetic iron oxide NP (IONP) decorated on nanoparticle-decorated graphene (GRP) based biosensing platforms for detecting prostate-cancercell-derived exosome (PC-exosome) (Figure 7B). 84 The hybrid nanomaterial consisting of AgNPs, IONP and GRP enabled the system to function as a magneto-plasmonic substrate for magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system. In this approach, the anti-prostate-specific antigen was immobilized on the Ag/IO-GRP and the PC-exosomes are separated from the sample using an external magnetic force.…”

Biogenesis, Isolation, and Detection of Exosomes and Their Potential in Therapeutics and Diagnostics

“…The study showed that PSMA was over-expressed in patients with prostate cancer, indicating the exosomes in serum as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis [ 193 ]. In another study, an anti-prostate-specific antigen (tetraspanin) was immobilized onto Ag/Fe 3 O 4 /graphene surface to isolate prostate cancer-specific exosomes [ 194 ]. The antibody was conjugated to a dye, and depending on the exosomal concentration, the fluorescence intensity varied.…”

Biosensors and Drug Delivery in Oncotheranostics Using Inorganic Synthetic and Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles

“…Inhibition of the process of DNA replacement by the captured p53 protein on the DNA consensus domain provided a decrease in fluorescent emission. Another promising approach for cancer detection war presented by Lee et al [ 77 ], who developed cancer-cell-derived exosomes biosensor via the magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system using hybrid Ag/iron oxide NP-decorated graphene (Ag/IO-GRP) without purification and concentration processes. The authors successfully detected a prostate-cancer-cell-derived exosome from non-purified exosomes in a culture media sample in a concentration range from 10 2 NPs·mL −1 to 10 6 NPs·mL −1 .…”