Magnetometer with nitrogen-vacancy center in a bulk diamond for detecting magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications

Kuwahata, Akihiro; Kitaizumi, Takahiro; Saichi, Kota; Sato, Terukazu; Igarashi, Ryuji; Ohshima, Takeshi; Masuyama, Yoshiro; Iwasaki, Takayuki; Hatano, Mutsuko; Jelezko, Fedor; Kusakabe, Moriaki; Yatsui, Takashi; Sekino, Masaki

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59064-6

Cited by 95 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…At higher magnetic fields, each dip splits into two, since the NV − -centers experience different magnetic fields de-pending on their orientation in the crystal lattice [32]. We use the gyromagnetic ratio of an NV − -center, γ = geµB h = 28 GHz T −1 , in order to calculate the splitting due to an applied magnetic field B along the NV − -center axis as ∆Ω = 2γB z [33]. From the spin Hamiltonian of the NV − -center,…”

Section: Sensor Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Magnetometry Platform with Stackable Waveguide-Assisted Detection Channels for Sensing Arrays

et al. 2021

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The negatively-charged NV − -center in diamond has shown great success in nanoscale, highsensitivity magnetometry. Efficient fluorescence detection is crucial for improving the sensitivity. Furthermore, integrated devices enable practicable sensors. Here, we present a novel architecture which allows us to create NV − -centers a few nanometers below the diamond surface, and at the same time in the mode field maximum of femtosecond-laser-written type-II waveguides. We experimentally verify the coupling efficiency, showcase the detection of magnetic resonance signals through the waveguides and perform first proof-of-principle experiments in magnetic field and temperature sensing. The sensing task can be operated via the waveguide without direct light illumination through the sample, which marks an important step for magnetometry in biological systems which are fragile to light. In the future, our approach will enable the development of two-dimensional sensing arrays facilitating spatially and temporally correlated magnetometry.

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Section: Sensor Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Magnetometry Platform with Stackable Waveguide-Assisted Detection Channels for Sensing Arrays

et al. 2021

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“…Many crystalline materials host defects (substitutions, vacancies, and combinations thereof) that lead to so-called “color centers”, magnetically-sensitive artificial atoms embedded within the crystal that are addressable by microwave and/or optical fields. Silicon vacancies in silicon carbide [ 167 , 168 ] have been used to detect magnetic fields in proof-of-concept experiments (∼100 nT/Hz 1/2 ); however, the best-developed defect-based sensors at the current time use nitrogen-vacancy centers (NV) in diamond [ 19 , 132 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 ].…”

Section: Emerging Magnetometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The NV

defects have four possible orientations within the carbon crystal lattice, enabling vector magnetometry techniques to be deployed [ 179 , 180 , 181 ]. Sensitivities as good as 0.9 pT/Hz 1/2 have been demonstrated in laboratory conditions [ 19 , 169 ] and operation frequencies vary from DC up to a few gigahertz [ 170 , 171 , 172 ] (with different sensitivities across this range).…”

Section: Emerging Magnetometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 ]) are appreciably smaller and typically exhibit reduced sensitivity. Notably, superconducting magnetometers (SQUIDs [ 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 ]) and devices with optical readout (optomechanical [ 20 , 131 , 144 , 145 , 149 ], NV diamond [ 19 , 132 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 ], atomic vapor cell [ 130 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 191 ], and SERF [ 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 , 198 , 199 , 200 , 201 ]) are almost universally more sensitive than their conventional/electronic counterparts of comparable sensor size (we have displayed atomic vapor cell and SERF separately, despite their underlying similarities, because of their markedly different SWaP, dynamic range, and control requirements). Furthermore, these emerging technologies are still far from the ultimate perform...…”

Section: Brief Summarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review

Bennett

Vyhnalek

Greenall

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Aerospace technologies are crucial for modern civilization; space-based infrastructure underpins weather forecasting, communications, terrestrial navigation and logistics, planetary observations, solar monitoring, and other indispensable capabilities. Extraplanetary exploration—including orbital surveys and (more recently) roving, flying, or submersible unmanned vehicles—is also a key scientific and technological frontier, believed by many to be paramount to the long-term survival and prosperity of humanity. All of these aerospace applications require reliable control of the craft and the ability to record high-precision measurements of physical quantities. Magnetometers deliver on both of these aspects and have been vital to the success of numerous missions. In this review paper, we provide an introduction to the relevant instruments and their applications. We consider past and present magnetometers, their proven aerospace applications, and emerging uses. We then look to the future, reviewing recent progress in magnetometer technology. We particularly focus on magnetometers that use optical readout, including atomic magnetometers, magnetometers based on quantum defects in diamond, and optomechanical magnetometers. These optical magnetometers offer a combination of field sensitivity, size, weight, and power consumption that allows them to reach performance regimes that are inaccessible with existing techniques. This promises to enable new applications in areas ranging from unmanned vehicles to navigation and exploration.

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“…The former are an indispensable tool in studies of the microscopic properties of individual MNP [17]. Very recently a variant of the latter was developed, demonstrating the detection of the instantaneous magnetic susceptibility of MNP under a continuous sub-millitesla excitation field [18]. Despite the small possible sample-to-sensor distance, their flexibility in miniaturization and their unprecedented bandwidth, the practically achieved sensitivity only reached 33 nT in a 1 s measurement time, which is roughly five orders of magnitudes worse than, e.g., the sensitivity achieved with the OPM presented in this work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed Optically Pumped Magnetometers: Addressing Dead Time and Bandwidth for the Unshielded Magnetorelaxometry of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Jaufenthaler

Kornack

Lebedev

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) offer a large variety of promising applications in medicine thanks to their exciting physical properties, e.g., magnetic hyperthermia and magnetic drug targeting. For these applications, it is crucial to quantify the amount of MNP in their specific binding state. This information can be obtained by means of magnetorelaxometry (MRX), where the relaxation of previously aligned magnetic moments of MNP is measured. Current MRX with optically pumped magnetometers (OPM) is limited by OPM recovery time after the shut-off of the external magnetic field for MNP alignment, therewith preventing the detection of fast relaxing MNP. We present a setup for OPM-MRX measurements using a commercially available pulsed free-precession OPM, where the use of a high power pulsed pump laser in the sensor enables a system recovery time in the microsecond range. Besides, magnetometer raw data processing techniques for Larmor frequency analysis are proposed and compared in this paper. Due to the high bandwidth (≥100 kHz) and high dynamic range of our OPM, a software gradiometer in a compact enclosure allows for unshielded MRX measurements in a laboratory environment. When operated in the MRX mode with non-optimal pumping performance, the OPM shows an unshielded gradiometric noise floor of about 600 fT/cm/Hz for a 2.3 cm baseline. The noise floor is flat up to 1 kHz and increases then linearly with the frequency. We demonstrate that quantitative unshielded MRX measurements of fast relaxing, water suspended MNP is possible with the novel OPM-MRX concept, confirmed by the accurately derived iron amount ratios of MNP samples. The detection limit of the current setup is about 1.37 μg of iron for a liquid BNF-MNP-sample (Bionized NanoFerrite) with a volume of 100 μL.

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Magnetometer with nitrogen-vacancy center in a bulk diamond for detecting magnetic nanoparticles in biomedical applications

Cited by 95 publications

References 39 publications

Integrated Magnetometry Platform with Stackable Waveguide-Assisted Detection Channels for Sensing Arrays

Integrated Magnetometry Platform with Stackable Waveguide-Assisted Detection Channels for Sensing Arrays

Precision Magnetometers for Aerospace Applications: A Review

Pulsed Optically Pumped Magnetometers: Addressing Dead Time and Bandwidth for the Unshielded Magnetorelaxometry of Magnetic Nanoparticles

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