“…Much research efforts have been contributed in decades to detect the damage feature from vibration measurements, and various signal denoising or analyzing techniques have been reported in which the single fault detection is greatly focused. These achievements mainly contain filtering methods such as wavelet transforms (WTs) (Kavitha et al, 2022), wavelet package transform (WPT) (Yan et al, 2014), spectral kurtosis (Fu et al, 2021), and flexible-frame wavelet transforms (Zhang et al, 2015, 2020; Cao et al, 2019); adaptive vibration signal decomposition methods such as empirical mode decomposition (EMD) (Zheng et al, 2022), local mean decomposition (LMD) (Chen et al, 2022), variable mode decomposition (VMD) (Fan et al, 2022), and ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) (Hsu and Huang, 2022); feature enhancement methods such as stochastic resonance (Lu et al, 2017) with nonlinear bistable oscillators (Cui et al, 2021), and sparse decomposition (Li et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2018); and intelligent classification methods such as machine learning (Mahami et al, 2022) and deep learning (Hou et al, 2022; Guo et al, 2018). Most of these methods have been applied for analyzing simulation and experimental vibration signals, and some of these aforementioned methods are reported suitable for incipient fault diagnosis (Jiang et al, 2016).…”