Magnetostrictive cold spray sensor for harsh environment and long-term condition monitoring

Glass, S. W.; Lareau, J. P.; Ross, Kenneth A.; Ali, S.; Hernández, Francisco; López, Borja

doi:10.1063/1.5099722

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Our modeling results indicate that the SH0 wave amplitude increases with FeCo patch thickness from 0.05–0.2 mm, remains constant at 0.3 mm, and then decreases thereafter. Glass et al [ 34 ] report experimental results indicating that the SH0 wave amplitude is increased 6–10 dB by decreasing the patch thickness from 0.5 mm to 0.25 mm, when using air-sprayed commercially pure Ni patches. In both cases, the optimal thickness is nominally 0.25 mm.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnetostrictive patch is a native magnetostrictive plate or foil (e.g., remendur or galfenol), and it is coupled to the plate (comprised of any material) by an adhesive or other joining method. The magneostrictive patches could be cold-sprayed coatings [ 34 ]. The meander coil has a certain lift-off distance (which is beneficial for high-temperature inspection) and the turns in the meander should be located outside the footprint of the patch.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ferromagnetic materials, including amorphous alloys [ 32 ] and elastomers [ 33 ], normally exhibit large magnetostriction coefficients and have practical applications as actuators and sensors. Engineering magnetostrictive materials with large magnetostriction coefficients are Terfenol, Galfenol, Remendur, and other FeCo alloys, and have been applied to ultrasound generators and receivers [ 27 , 28 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Magnetostrictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception

Guo

Lissenden

2021

Sensors

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Ultrasonic guided waves provide unique capabilities for the structural health monitoring of plate-like structures. They can detect and locate various types of material degradation through the interaction of shear-horizontal (SH) waves and Lamb waves with the material. Magnetostrictive transducers (MSTs) can be used to generate and receive both SH and Lamb waves and yet their characteristics have not been thoroughly studied, certainly not on par with piezoelectric transducers. A series of multiphysics simulations of the MST/plate system is conducted to investigate the characteristics of MSTs that affect guided wave generation and reception. The results are presented in the vein of showing the flexibility that MSTs provide for guided waves in a diverse range of applications. In addition to studying characteristics of the MST components (i.e., the magnetostrictive layer, meander electric coil, and biased magnetic field), single-sided and double-sided MSTs are compared for preferential wave mode generation. The wave mode control principle is based on the activation line for phase velocity dispersion curves, whose slope is the wavelength, which is dictated by the meander coil spacing. A double-sided MST with in-phase signals preferentially excites symmetric SH and Lamb modes, while a double-sided MST with out-of-phase signals preferentially excites antisymmetric SH and Lamb modes. All attempted single-mode actuations with double-sided MSTs were successful, with the SH3 mode actuated at 922 kHz in a 6-mm-thick plate being the highest frequency. Additionally, the results show that increasing the number of turns in the meander coil enhances the sensitivity of the MST as a receiver and substantially reduces the frequency bandwidth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magnetostrictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception

Guo

Lissenden

2021

Sensors

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“…Due to the constraints of instrument performance, EMAT design, and test material properties, it is usually difficult to achieve large lift-off operation at MHz frequencies on specimens that do not have a highly magnetostrictive surface. To provide good lift-off performance with EMATs at MHz frequencies, one solution is the use of magnetostrictive coating technologies to reduce the dependence of the EMAT on the electrical and magnetic properties of a test specimen [12][13]. Another approach is to adhesively bond or attach magnetostrictive foils to a specimen [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Lift-Off Performance of EMATs by Applying an Fe₃O₄ Coating to a Test Specimen

Liang

Zhai

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are non-contact ultrasonic transducers. The transduction efficiency of a particular EMAT on a given specimen is dependent on the lift-off distance, which is the distance between the EMAT coil and the specimen surface. The transduction efficiency drops dramatically with increased lift-off distance, requiring EMATs to be in close proximity to the specimen, usually within a few millimetres. This paper proposes a new EMAT method of applying an Fe3O4 coating to the test specimen, and quantitatively studying the enhancement effect of Fe3O4 coating on lift-off distance. To eliminate the interference of the electrical and magnetic properties of the tested specimen, a non-magnetic and non-conductive glass specimen is selected. The experimental results on a glass substrate coated with Fe3O4 demonstrate the feasibility of EMATs generating and receiving ultrasonic waves through the coating, by a magnetoelastic mechanism. The transduction efficiency of EMATs on an Fe3O4 coating does not increase linearly with the bias static magnetic field, and the maximum measured signal amplitude value occurs at a relatively low flux density of ~0.12 T. More specifically, it has been shown the Fe3O4 coating can significantly enhance the lift-off distance of EMATs operating at 4 MHz to 8 mm on coated stainless steel. The performance of the Fe3O4 coating can be optimized, showing considerable potential to expand the application range of EMATs.

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“…Plasma spraying has been used in making ferrite coatings and has been shown to be useful for magnetoresistance sensors [44]. Cold spraying has been used in making magnetostrictive commercially pure nickel cold spray patch sensor [45,46] for long-term crack monitoring of plates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Guided Wave Transducer with Sprayed Magnetostrictive Powder Coating for Monitoring of Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced Cables

Zhang

Tang

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Aluminum conductor steel-reinforced (ACSR) cables are typically used in overhead transmission lines, requiring stringent non-destructive testing owing to the severe conditions they face. Ultrasonic guided wave inspection provides promising online monitoring of the wire breakage of cables with the advantages of high sensitivity, long-range inspection, and full cross-sectional coverage. It is a very popular method to generate and receive guided waves using magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers. However, uniformly coupling the acoustic energy excited by transducers into multi-wire structures is always a challenge in the field application of guided waves. Long-term field application of piezoelectric transducers is limited due to the small coupling surface area, localized excitation, and couplant required. Conventional magnetostrictive transducers for steel strand inspection are based on the magnetostrictive effect of the material itself. Two factors affect the transducing performance of the transducers on ACSR cables. On one hand, there is a non-magnetostrictive effect in aluminum wires. On the other hand, the magnetostriction of the innermost steel wires is too weak to generate guided waves. The bias magnetic field is attenuated by the outer layers of aluminum wires. In this paper, an alternative sprayed magnetostrictive powder coating (SMPC) transducer was developed for guided wave generation and detection in ACSR cables. The Fe83Ga17 alloy powder with large magnetostriction was sprayed uniformly on the surfaces of certain sections of the outermost aluminum wires where the transducer would be installed. Experimental investigations were carried out to generate and receive the most commonly used L(0,1) guided waves for wire breakage detection at frequencies of 50 and 100 kHz. The results demonstrate that the discernable reflected waves of the cable end and an artificial defect of three-wire breakage (5.5% reduction in the cable’s cross-sectional area) were received by the transducer with SMPC, which was impossible for the transducer without SMPC. This method makes long-term and online monitoring of ACSR cables feasible due to the high coupling efficiency and good structural surface adaptability.

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Magnetostrictive cold spray sensor for harsh environment and long-term condition monitoring

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception

Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception

Enhancing the Lift-Off Performance of EMATs by Applying an Fe₃O₄ Coating to a Test Specimen

A Guided Wave Transducer with Sprayed Magnetostrictive Powder Coating for Monitoring of Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced Cables

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Magnetostrictive cold spray sensor for harsh environment and long-term condition monitoring

Cited by 9 publications

References 4 publications

Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception

Modeling Magnetostrictive Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring: Ultrasonic Guided Wave Generation and Reception

Enhancing the Lift-Off Performance of EMATs by Applying an Fe3O4 Coating to a Test Specimen

A Guided Wave Transducer with Sprayed Magnetostrictive Powder Coating for Monitoring of Aluminum Conductor Steel-Reinforced Cables

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Enhancing the Lift-Off Performance of EMATs by Applying an Fe₃O₄ Coating to a Test Specimen