Magnitude Scaling: Quantitative Measurement of Opinions. By Milton Lodge. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1981. Pp. 87. $4.00, paper.) - 
            Unidimensional Scaling. By John P. Mclver and Edward G. Carmines. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1981. Pp. 96. $4.00, paper.) - 
            Research Designs. By Paul E. Spector. (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1981. Pp. 80. $4.00, paper.)

Lodge, Milton; McIver, John P.; Carmines, Edward G.; Spector, Paul E.

doi:10.2307/1963128

Cited by 81 publications

(158 citation statements)

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“…All analyses were carried out on the geometric means of the normalized judgments. The use of geometric means is standard practice for magnitude estimation data (Bard et al, 1996;Lodge, 1981). Separate ANOVAs were performed for the context and the null context condition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The method used was magnitude estimation as proposed by Lodge (1981) and extended to linguistic stimuli by Bard et al (1996). Each subject took part in an experimental session that lasted approximately 15 minutes and consisted of a training phase, a practice phase, and an experimental phase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The magnitude estimation paradigm has been extended successfully to the psychosocial domain (Lodge, 1981) and recently Bard et al (1996) and Cowart (1997) showed that linguistic judgments can be elicited in the same way as judgments of sensory or social stimuli. In contrast to the 5-or 7-point scale conventionally used to measure human intuitions, magnitude estimation employs a continuous numerical scale.…”

Section: Magnitude Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phonology competes with syntax: experimental evidence for the interaction of word order and accent placement in the realization of Information Structure

2001

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In this paper, we investigate the interaction of phonological and syntactic constraints on the realization of Information Structure in Greek, a free word order language. We use magnitude estimation as our experimental paradigm, which allows us to quantify the influence of a given linguistic constraint on the acceptability of a sentence. We present results from two experiments. In the first experiment, we focus on the interaction of word order and context. In the second experiment, we investigate the additional effect of accent placement and clitic doubling. The results show that word order, in contrast to standard assumptions in the theoretical literature, plays only a secondary role in marking the Information Structure of a sentence. Order preferences are relatively weak and can be overridden by constraints on accent placement and clitic doubling. Our experiments also demonstrate that a null context shows the same preference pattern as an all focus context, indicating that 'default' word order and accent placement (in the absence of context) can be explained in terms of Information Structure. In the theoretical part of this paper, we formalize the interaction of syntactic and phonological constraints on Information Structure. We argue that this interaction is best captured using a notion of grammatical competition, such as the one developed by Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993. In particular, we exploit the optimality theoretic concept of constraint ranking to account for the fact that some constraint violations are more serious than others. We extend standard Optimality Theory to obtain a grammar model that predicts not only the optimal (i.e., grammatical) realization of a given input, but also makes predictions about the relative grammaticality of suboptimal structures. This allows us to derive a constraint hierarchy that accounts for the interaction of phonological and syntactic constraints on Information Structure and models the acceptability patterns found in the experimental data.PHONOLOGY COMPETES WITH SYNTAX 2

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Magnitude Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phonology competes with syntax: experimental evidence for the interaction of word order and accent placement in the realization of Information Structure

2001

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“…Then the data were transformed by taking the decadic logarithm. This transformation ensures that the judgments are normally distributed and is standard practice for magnitude estimation data (Lodge 1981, Bard et al 1996, Cowart 1997. All analyses were conducted on the normalized, log-transformed judgments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gradient auxiliary selection and impersonal passivization in German: an experimental investigation

2003

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The main purpose of this paper is to provide experimental evidence that two syntactic reflexes of split intransitivity in German -the selection of perfective auxiliaries and the impersonal passive constructionare sensitive to an aspectual/thematic hierarchy of verb classes. We show that there is a split between 'core' verbs that elicit categorical intuitions from native speakers, and 'intermediate' verbs that exhibit gradience. Furthermore, crossdialectal differences between northern and southern German with respect to auxiliary selection tend to occur only with intermediate verbs. We argue that these findings lend support to the view that the unaccusative/unergative distinction is considerably more unstable than often assumed, and suggest that projectionist theories of the lexicon-syntax interface such as those directly derived from the Unaccusative Hypothesis may not be able to account for the systematic variation exhibited by the data.3

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“…Instruments constructed with these variables, have been used for a long time with the purpose of assessing quantities that are not directly measurable. One of most ancient references is the assessment scale of shining stars (six-point scale used by Hipparchus in 150 BC) (8) .…”

Section: Variables and Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of variables that are not directly observable: influence on decision-making during the research process

Curado

Teles²,

Marôco

2014

Rev. esc. enferm. USP

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A dimensão da amostra, o tipo de variá-veis, o seu formato de medida, a construção dos instrumentos de recolha de dados válidos e fiáveis, são aspectos a ter em consideração no processo de investigação. No âmbito das ciências sociais, da saúde e especificamente na área de enfermagem, os instrumentos de recolha de dados são muitas vezes compostos por variáveis componentes ou indicadores que dão origem a variáveis latentes ou não observáveis diretamente, daí a importância da decisão relativa à forma como são medidas (escala ordinal, Likert ou de tipo Likert). As escalas psicométricas são exemplos de instrumentos, pelo tipo de variáveis que as integram, que podem trazer problemas de medida e de análise estatística (testes paramétricos versus não paramétricos). Assim o investigador quando usa estas variáveis deve respeitar alguns pressupostos baseados em estudos de simulação ou em recomendações fundamentadas na evidência científica, de forma a tomar a melhor decisão.

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Cited by 81 publications

References 0 publications

Phonology competes with syntax: experimental evidence for the interaction of word order and accent placement in the realization of Information Structure

Phonology competes with syntax: experimental evidence for the interaction of word order and accent placement in the realization of Information Structure

Gradient auxiliary selection and impersonal passivization in German: an experimental investigation

Analysis of variables that are not directly observable: influence on decision-making during the research process

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