Mailing human papillomavirus self-sampling kits to women under-screened for cervical cancer improved participation in cervical cancer screening in a general population study in Japan

Abstract

Background One cause of the increase in cervical cancer rates in Japan is the long-term stagnation in the cervical cancer screening consultation rate. Improving the screening consultation rate is therefore of urgent concern to reduce cervical cancer incidence. Self-collected human papilloma virus (HPV) tests have been successfully adopted in several countries, such as Netherlands and Australia, as a measure of individuals who have not undergone cervical cancer screening in national programs. This study aimed to verify whether self-collected HPV tests presented an effective countermeasure for individuals who had not undergone the recommended cervical cancer screenings. Methods This study was conducted from December 2020 to September 2022 in Muroran City, Japan. The primary evaluated endpoints included the percentage of citizens with positive self-collected HPV test results and individuals who underwent cervical cancer screening at a hospital. The secondary endpoints were the percentage of included participants who had undergone any cervical cancer screening and the diagnostic rates. Results The included study participants were 7,653 individuals aged 20–50 years with no record of having undergone a cervical cancer examination in the past 5 years. We mailed these participants information on self-administered HPV tests as an alternative screening procedure and sent the kit to 1,674 women who requested the test, among whom 953 returned the kit. Among the 89 HPV-positive individuals (positive rate, 9.3%), 71 (79.8%) visited the designated hospital for an examination. A closer examination revealed that 13 women (18.3% of hospital visits) had a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) finding of CIN2 or higher, among whom one each had cervical cancer and vulvar cancer, eight presented with CIN3, and three presented with CIN2; two cases of invasive gynecologic cancer were also identified. Conclusions We conclude that the self-collected HPV tests showed a certain efficacy as a measure of individuals who had not undergone the recommended cervical cancer screening. We devised ways to have the unexamined patients undergo HPV testing and ensure that HPV-positive individuals visited the hospital. Despite a few limitations, our findings suggest the effectiveness of this public health intervention.

Relationship between regular cervical cancer screening and social background in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…However, the kits allow testing to be performed in the convenience of the home and are expected to reduce time and ensure privacy. Japan's home-based HPV sampling test is still only at the clinical research level [32]. Since this screening method is suited to the lifestyles of current women from the psychological point of view and access to medical facilities, it is necessary to promptly improve the environment in Japan as well.…”

Screening And Education For Prevention Of Cervical Cancer At Kupu Health Center, Tegal District

“…2. Sexual history: The risk of (Nishimura et al, 2023) will increase if an individual has a sexual history such as having more than one sexual partner or changing sexual partners, having sexual intercourse for the first time or being sexually active at a young age, namely under 18 years, and if having one partner who is suspected of being at high risk or someone with HPV infection or who has many sexual partners. (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia, 2021a; Zhang, Xu, Zhang, & Qiao, 2020) 3.…”