Main Emission Sources and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Three Typical Sites in Hanoi

Zhang, Hao; Pham, Chau-Thuy; Chen, Bin; Zhang, Xuan; Wang, Yan; Bai, Pengchu; Zhang, Lulu; Nagao, Seiya; Toriba, Akira; Nghiem, Trung-Dung; Tang, Ning

doi:10.3390/atmos14050782

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 95 publications

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“…One of today's burning issues is the generation of hydrocarbon waste [4][5][6], particularly gases [7], which is a major cause of global warming [8]. There are many sources of hydrocarbon gas emissions into the atmosphere [9][10][11]: the processing or incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, including flue gas formation from various sources; the thawing of organic material residues; as well as others. Approximately 2 million tonnes of unburned methane are released into the atmosphere each year, according to estimates [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Pyrolysis Reactor Heat Exchange Channels with Different Hemispherical Protrusion Geometries

Kolenchukov,

Bashmur,

Kurashkin

et al. 2023

Energies

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One of the most effective technologies for recycling organic waste is its thermal destruction by pyrolysis methods to produce valuable products such as hydrogen and mixtures containing hydrogen. Increasing the thermal power of the flow helps to reduce the formation of secondary reactions, making the non-condensable hydrocarbon gas in the pyrolysis process cleaner, which simplifies further technology for the production of hydrogen and hydrogen-containing mixtures. In addition, the economic viability of pyrolysis depends on the energy costs required to decompose the organic feedstock. Using passive intensifiers in the form of discrete rough surfaces in heat exchanging channels is a widely used method of increasing heat transfer. This paper presents the results of numerical and experimental studies of heat transfer and hydraulic resistance in a channel with and without hemispherical protrusions applied to the heat transfer surface. The investigations were carried out for a reactor channel 150 mm long and 31 mm in diameter, with a constant pitch of the protrusions along the channels of 20 mm and protrusion heights h of 1 to 4 mm for 419 ≤ Re ≤ 2795. Compared to a smooth channel, a channel with protrusions increases heat transfer by an average of 2.23 times. By comparing the heat exchange parameters and the hydraulic resistance of the heat exchange channels, it was determined that h = 2 mm and 838 < Re < 1223 is the combination of parameters providing the best energetic mode of reactor operation. In general, an increase in h and coolant flow rate resulted in an uneven increase in heat transfer intensity. However, as h increases, the dead zone effect behind the protrusions increases and the rough channel working area decreases. Furthermore, increasing Re > 1223 is not advisable due to the increased cost of maintaining high coolant velocity and the reduced heat transfer capacity of the channel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical and Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Pyrolysis Reactor Heat Exchange Channels with Different Hemispherical Protrusion Geometries

Kolenchukov,

Bashmur,

Kurashkin

et al. 2023

Energies

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Semi-diurnal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to PM2.5 and PM0.1 during pollution episode in the urban area of Hanoi

Nguyen,

Ly,

et al. 2024

Environ Monit Assess

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Source identification and health risk assessment of PM2.5 in urban districts of Hanoi using PCA/APCS and UNMIX

Bui,

Nguyen

2024

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Comparison results obtained by different models with different physical assumptions and constraints for source apportionment is important for better understanding the sources of the pollutants. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 measured at three sites located in inner urban districts of Hanoi was performed using two receptor models, UNMIX and principal component analysis with absolute principle component score (PCA/APCS). A total of 78 daily samples were collected consecutively during the dry and wet seasons in 2019 and 2020. Both UNMIX and PCA/APCS expressed comparable ability to reproduce measured PM 2.5 concentrations. Additionally, both models distinguished 4 potential sources of PM 2.5 including tra c-related emission, scrap metal recycling villages, crustal mixed with construction sources, coal combustion mixed with industry, and biomass burning. Both UNMIX and PCA/APCS con rmed that tra c-related emission was the most in uential PM 2.5 with a high percentage contribution (59% and 55.97%, respectively). All the HQ and Cr values for both children and adults of toxic elements apportioned by both UNMIX and PCA/APCS in every source were within the acceptable range. IntroductionOver the past 30 years, many researchers have pointed out the association between airborne particulate matter and adverse health effects, especially ne particles (dynamic diameter < 2.5 µm) due to their high number concentration, deep penetration to the human respiratory system with high deposition e ciencies (Kim et al. 2004). PM 2.5 concentration in Hanoi exceeded the annual Ambient Air National Standard ranging from 28.15 to 39.4 in 2019 (Nhung et al. 2021). Especially, the urban districts of Hanoi experienced the highest pollution levels due to high population density, large number of tra c eets, and many socioeconomic activities. The number of premature deaths due to PM 2.5 exposure in Hanoi in 2019 was 2855 deaths, accounting for 12% of the total deaths in Hanoi residents aged 25 and above (Nhung et al. 2021). The total years of life lost by Hanoi inhabitants owing to PM 2.5 exposure was approximately 79.93 years, and the loss of life expectancy was 2.49 years (Nhung et al. 2021). In addition, the PM 2.5 concentration in Hanoi is signi cantly relatively higher than that in other developed countries worldwide (Nguyen et al. 2022;Bui et al. 2023). Thus, it is urgent to investigate the potential sources, and their contribution to the ambient concentration of PM 2.5 to implement an effective air pollution control strategy in Hanoi.Principle component analysis/absolute principal component scores (PCA/APCS) and UNMIX are effective, relatively simple, and easy to perform source apportionment (Song et al. 2006). The two models have been successfully used to identify the potential sources of particulate matter (Maykut et al. 2003;

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Main Emission Sources and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Three Typical Sites in Hanoi

Cited by 4 publications

References 95 publications

Numerical and Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Pyrolysis Reactor Heat Exchange Channels with Different Hemispherical Protrusion Geometries

Numerical and Experimental Study of Heat Transfer in Pyrolysis Reactor Heat Exchange Channels with Different Hemispherical Protrusion Geometries

Semi-diurnal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bound to PM2.5 and PM0.1 during pollution episode in the urban area of Hanoi

Source identification and health risk assessment of PM2.5 in urban districts of Hanoi using PCA/APCS and UNMIX

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