Mainstream smoke chemistry analysis of samples from the 2009 US cigarette market

Bodnar, Joy A.; Morgan, W. T. J.; Murphy, Patricia A.; Ogden, Michael W.

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.05.011

Cited by 54 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The cigarettes used as a reference were 3R4F University of Kentucky's Tobacco and Health Research Program cigarettes which represents the average low-“tar” American cigarette (University of Kentucky, Kentucky, USA). The 3R4F cigarettes were specifically designed to represent cigarettes marketed in typical segments of the American market and are used as a standard against which other cigarettes may be compared (Bodnar et al, 2012). The nicotine content in RPMI media with 1% Eclipse CSE was determined to be 453ng/ml while the nicotine content with 1% 3R4F Kentucky cigarette CSE was 174ng/ml (nicotine content measured by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry in our institutional clinical nicotine analysis lab (Moyer et al, 2002)).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracts from presumed “reduced harm” cigarettes induce equivalent or greater toxicity in antigen-presenting cells

et al. 2015

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The tobacco industry has promoted certain cigarette products with claims that their use may be less harmful to the smoker as they purportedly deliver lower amounts of toxic chemicals compared to conventional cigarettes. This study was designed to compare the relative antigen presenting cellular toxicity of Eclipse, a presumed reduced exposure product (PREP) cigarette, when compared with the reference research 3R4F cigarettes (Kentucky University). Utilizing a murine macrophage cell line, murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (DCs) and human monocyte-derived DCs incubated with extracts generated from Eclipse and Kentucky reference 3R4F cigarettes, we determined the relative toxic effects of the different cigarette smoke extracts on cellular viability, oxidative stress, T-helper-1 (Th-1) polarizing cytokine production and general gene expression. Eclipse and 3R4F cigarette smoke extracts induced equivalent oxidatively-mediated cellular heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein levels in macrophages and DCs. Cellular viability determination demonstrated greater induction of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis by Eclipse extracts in DCs. The production of the key Th-1 polarizing cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) by activated DCs or macrophages was suppressed to an equivalent or greater extent by Eclipse extracts. Microarray studies performed on bone marrow derived murine DCs incubated with Eclispe or 3R4F cigarette extracts showed identical genotoxic profiles. These studies imply that presumed reduced harm Eclipse cigarettes induce equivalent or greater antigen presenting cell dysfunction relative to 3R4F cigarettes and illustrate the importance of independent validation and testing of similar products claimed to be associated with reduced toxicity relative to other cigarettes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracts from presumed “reduced harm” cigarettes induce equivalent or greater toxicity in antigen-presenting cells

et al. 2015

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“…3,12,13) Importantly, we have identified acrolein (ACR), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), and 2-cyclopentene-1-one (CPO) as the major cytotoxic components in the CSE using LC/MS and GC/MS in combination with functional assay. 14) Furthermore, we have demonstrated that ACR and MVK-induced cell damage is PKC-and NOXdependent like that by CSE, although CPO-induced cell damage is independent of PKC and NOX. 14) In general, a Cambridge filter is used for preparation of the gas phase of cigarette smoke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…14) Furthermore, we have demonstrated that ACR and MVK-induced cell damage is PKC-and NOXdependent like that by CSE, although CPO-induced cell damage is independent of PKC and NOX. 14) In general, a Cambridge filter is used for preparation of the gas phase of cigarette smoke. [15][16][17] The Cambridge filter is a glass fiber filter and can retain 99.9% of the particulate matters larger than 0.1 µm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

A Standardized Method for the Preparation of a Gas Phase Extract of Cigarette Smoke

Higashi

Mai

Mazaki

et al. 2016

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The gas phase of cigarette smoke is important from the viewpoint of human health, because it can pass through alveolar epithelium and enter the circulation. There is no standard method for the preparation of a gas phase extract of cigarette smoke (CSE), although CSE is widely used for research instead of whole cigarette smoke. We have established a standard method for the preparation of CSE. One cigarette per trial is continuously combusted under a reduced pressure generated by an aspiration pump with a velocity of 1.050 L/min: the main stream of the smoke is passed through a Cambridge filter to remove tar, and subsequently, bubbled through a glass ball filter (pore size, 20-30 µm) into 15 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). To express the concentration of CSE, a virtual tar concentration is introduced, which is calculated assuming that tar trapped on the Cambridge filter is dissolved in the PBS. CSEs prepared from smaller numbers of cigarettes (original virtual tar concentration≤15 mg/mL) show similar concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity versus virtual tar concentrations. CSEs prepared from various brands of cigarettes and by different smoking regimes (continuous and puff smoking) show similar cytotoxic potency if the virtual tar concentrations are the same. In conclusion, using the standardized method for CSE preparation in combination with the virtual tar concentration, it becomes possible to simply and rapidly prepare standard CSEs with defined concentrations from any brand of cigarettes, which are toxicologically equivalent to CSE prepared by puff smoking.

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“…The final database comprised data with measurements for 916 blends, 959 products measured under the ISO regime and 364 under HCI. There continues to be publications of toxicant datasets (Bodnar et al, 2012) which will allow recording of new entries in the database.…”

Section: Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical characterisation of ranges of mainstream smoke toxicant yields from contemporary cigarette products using quantile regression methodology

Camacho

Eldridge

Proctor

et al. 2015

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Approximately 100 toxicants have been identified in cigarette smoke, to which exposure has been linked to a range of serious diseases in smokers. Smoking machines have been used to quantify toxicant emissions from cigarettes for regulatory reporting. The World Health Organization Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation has proposed a regulatory scenario to identify median values for toxicants found in commercially available products, which could be used to set mandated limits on smoke emissions. We present an alternative approach, which used quantile regression to estimate reference percentiles to help contextualise the toxicant yields of commercially available products with respect to a reference analyte, such as tar or nicotine. To illustrate this approach we examined four toxicants (acetone, N'-nitrosoanatabine, phenol and pyridine) with respect to tar, and explored International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and Health Canada Intense (HCI) regimes. We compared this approach with other methods for assessing toxicants in cigarette smoke, such as ratios to nicotine or tar, and linear regression. We concluded that the quantile regression approach effectively represented data distributions across toxicants for both ISO and HCI regimes. This method provides robust, transparent and intuitive percentile estimates in relation to any desired reference value within the data space.

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Mainstream smoke chemistry analysis of samples from the 2009 US cigarette market

Cited by 54 publications

References 6 publications

Extracts from presumed “reduced harm” cigarettes induce equivalent or greater toxicity in antigen-presenting cells

Extracts from presumed “reduced harm” cigarettes induce equivalent or greater toxicity in antigen-presenting cells

A Standardized Method for the Preparation of a Gas Phase Extract of Cigarette Smoke

Empirical characterisation of ranges of mainstream smoke toxicant yields from contemporary cigarette products using quantile regression methodology

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