Mainstream Smoke Gas Phase Filtration Performance of Adsorption Materials Evaluated With A Puff-by-Puff Multiplex GC-MS Method

Xue, Lixin; Thomas, Charles E.; Koller, Kent B.

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0738

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In addition, incorporation of activated charcoal (AC) in the filter has been shown to be effective in the filtration of certain mainstream (MS) vapor phase and semivolatile constituents (Baggett & Morie, 1975;Williamson et al, 1965;Xue et al, 2002). Several thousand individual smoke constituents have been identified (Dube & Green, 1982), and overlapping toxicological activities and interactions can be expected between the various chemical classes of MS constituents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

Gaworski

Schramke

Diekmann

et al. 2009

Inhalation Toxicology

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Activated charcoal (AC) filtration reportedly decreases the yields of smoke vapor phase constituents including some identified as human carcinogens and respiratory irritants. Non-clinical studies including chemical smoke analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity (bacterial and mammalian cells), and in vivo subchronic rat inhalation studies were carried out using machine smoking at ISO conditions with lit-end research cigarettes containing AC filters. The objective was to assess whether AC filter technology would alter the established toxicity profile of mainstream smoke by increasing or decreasing any known toxicological properties, or elicit new ones. The reduced yield of vapor phase irritants from AC filter cigarettes correlated with markedly decreased in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo morphology of the nose and lower respiratory tract. Increased yields of particulate phase constituents (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in AC filtered smoke were noted in comparison to controls in some studies. The in vitro bacterial mutagenicity of AC filtered smoke particulate preparations was occasionally increased over control levels. Laryngeal epithelial thickness was increased in some rats inhaling AC filtered smoke in comparison to controls, an effect perhaps related to higher inspiratory flow. When tested under more intense Massachusetts Department of Public Health smoking conditions, AC filter associated reductions in vapor phase constituent yields were smaller than those seen with ISO conditions, but the effect on in vitro cytotoxicity remained.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

Gaworski

Schramke

Diekmann

et al. 2009

Inhalation Toxicology

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“…Mainstream smoke yields of some of the aldehydes from cigarettes with activated carbon in the filter have been reported to be reduced by 80%-95% under machine smoking conditions (Xue, Thomas, and Koller, 2002). The efficiency of this reduction depends not only on the amount and quality of the activated carbon but also on machine smoking conditions and filter construction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure to selected cigarette smoke constituents in adult smokers switched to carbon-filtered cigarettes in short-term and long-term clinical studies

Sarkar¹,

Kapur²,

Frost-Pineda³

et al. 2008

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Cigarette smoke is a complex aerosol that includes a gas vapor phase and a particulate phase. Inclusion of activated carbon in the cigarette filter can reduce some of the gas-phase smoke constituents implicated as toxicologically relevant. The present study evaluated exposure to selected gas-phase constituents when adult smokers switched to prototype cigarettes with a highly activated carbon filter. Smokers (N = 160) in two separate studies were randomized to continue to smoke conventional cigarettes (either a 6-mg or 11-mg FTC tar product), to smoke test cigarettes containing carbon filters (comparable tar levels), or to stop smoking. After completing 8 days in controlled smoking conditions (short-term studies), smokers had the option to continue in 24-week long-term ambulatory studies with unrestricted smoking. Urinary excretion of mercapturic acid metabolites of 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, and benzene; nicotine and five of its metabolites, total NNAL, and 1-hydroxypyrene were measured at baseline in the conventional cigarette group, in all groups in the short-term studies, and every 4 weeks in the long-term studies. In the short-term studies, statistically significant reductions (>70%, p<.001) in gas-phase biomarker levels were observed in the test cigarette group for both tar level products compared with the conventional cigarette group. These reductions were similar to those observed in the stop-smoking groups. The reductions continued consistently (p<.001) throughout the long-term studies. Switching to test cigarettes minimally affected the particulate-phase biomarkers. Statistically significant and consistent reductions in selected gas vapor phase biomarkers were observed when smokers switched to activated carbon filter cigarettes.

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“…Charcoal filter design has not yet been systematically optimized, but the PSP filter design may remove HPHCs more effectively than other filter designs, and the extent of HPHCs reduction is greater with greater amounts of charcoal (McAdam et al, 2012; Mola et al, 2008; Raker et al, 1996; Rees et al, 2007; Shepperd et al, 2013; Xue et al, 2002). Accordingly, lower charcoal loadings have produced only modest MSS HPHC reductions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of charcoal in modified cigarette filters for mainstream smoke carbonyl reduction

Morabito

Holman

Ding

et al. 2017

Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology

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Carbonyls are harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in mainstream cigarette smoke (MSS). Carbonyls, including formaldehyde and acrolein, are carcinogenic or mutagenic in a dose-dependent manner. Past studies demonstrate significant reduction of HPHCs by charcoal filtration. However, limits of charcoal filtration and cigarette design have not yet been investigated in a systematic manner. Objective data is needed concerning the feasibility of HPHC reduction in combustible filtered cigarettes. This systematic study evaluates the effect of charcoal filtration on carbonyl reduction in MSS. We modified filters of ten popular cigarette products with predetermined quantities (100–400 mg) of charcoal in a plug-space-plug configuration. MSS carbonyls, as well as total particulate matter, tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide (TNCO), and draw resistance were quantified. Significant carbonyl reductions were observed across all cigarette products as charcoal loading increased. At the highest charcoal loadings, carbonyls were reduced by nearly 99%. Tar and nicotine decreased modestly (<20%) compared to reductions in carbonyls. Increased draw resistance was significant at only the highest charcoal loadings. This work addresses information gaps in the science base that can inform the evaluation of charcoal filtration as an available technological adaptation to cigarette design which reduces levels of carbonyls in MSS.

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Mainstream Smoke Gas Phase Filtration Performance of Adsorption Materials Evaluated With A Puff-by-Puff Multiplex GC-MS Method

Cited by 13 publications

References 2 publications

Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure to selected cigarette smoke constituents in adult smokers switched to carbon-filtered cigarettes in short-term and long-term clinical studies

The use of charcoal in modified cigarette filters for mainstream smoke carbonyl reduction

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