Background
The COVID-19 pandemic challenged health systems in low- and lower-middle-income countries (L-LMICs), emphasizing the need for resilience—the ability to predict, prepare for, absorb, and adapt to external shocks while maintaining essential functions and improving performance. This scoping review examined the application of Integrated Health Service Delivery (IHSD) strategies to sustain routine (non-COVID-19) healthcare services during the pandemic.
Methods
We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus, Cochrane, and the WHO Global Research on COVID-19 database from 01 January 2020 to 02 December 2022 for peer-reviewed studies written in English, based on a published protocol (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042872).
Results
Of the 4,286 records screened, 30 studies were included in the review, encompassing a range of health topics, including systems strengthening (n = 8), noncommunicable diseases (n = 6), specialized care (n = 6), HIV (n = 3), mental health (n = 3), and other services (n = 3), highlighting the versatility of IHSD models during the pandemic. The results showed a dynamic blend of four typologies of IHSD – organizational (n = 15), functional (n = 17), service (n = 27), and clinical integration (n = 15) – each contributing significantly to the resilience of health systems. Organizational integration facilitated effective coordination and multisectoral collaboration; functional integration emphasized building workforce capacity and digital infrastructure; service integration adapted care delivery through community outreach and telehealth; and clinical integration supported the adoption of new care protocols.
Conclusion
This review offers critical insights into the application of integrated care approaches, demonstrating their potential to enhance system resilience and inform future health system strengthening efforts in L-LMICs amid ongoing and future healthcare challenges.