Maintaining excellence: Deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists.

Krampe, Ralf; Ericsson, Anders K.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.125.4.331

Cited by 413 publications

(318 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…For instance, Charness's (1981) study of chess players found that high levels of performance could be maintained as performers got older. Other examinations of cognitive-motor experts such as pianists (Krampe & Ericsson, 1996) and typists (Salthouse, 1984) substantiate these findings. These investigations point to the critical role that prolonged involvement (i.e., training) might play in maintaining performance.…”

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confidence: 51%

“…findings suggest that golf might be more closely aligned with cognitive-motor activities such as chess and piano (Charness, 1981;Krampe & Ericsson, 1996) than it is with sports constrained by physiological factors such as aerobic capacity. Sports involving skills that require a finer degree of motor control, necessitating a longer period of acquisition, appear to be more resistant to age-related decline than physiological capacities.…”

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confidence: 96%

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Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Baker¹,

Deakin²,

Horton³

et al. 2007

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

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Demographic studies indicate a remarkable aging trend in North America. An accurate profile of the decline in physical and cognitive capabilities over time is essential to our understanding of the aging process. This study examined the maintenance of skilled performance across the careers of 96 professional golfers. Data were collected on scoring average, driving distance, driving accuracy, greens in regulation, putts per round, and number of competitive rounds played using online data archives. Analyses indicate that performance in this activity can be maintained to a greater extent than in activities relying on biologically constrained abilities. Although the generalizability of these results to “normal” aging populations is not known, they suggest that acquired skills can be maintained to a large extent in the face of advancing age.

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confidence: 51%

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confidence: 96%

Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Baker¹,

Deakin²,

Horton³

et al. 2007

Journal of Aging and Physical Activity

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“…Researchers have quantified age-related declines affecting performance with regard to cognitive and physical abilities (Craik & Salthouse, 2000) and have revealed compensatory strategies older adults may use to circumvent typical age-related slowing in specific tasks (Bosman, 1993;Charness, 1981aCharness, , 1981bCharness, , 1981cCharness, Krampe, & Mayr, 1996;Krampe & Ericsson, 1996;Meinz, 2000;Salthouse, 1984). With proper application, this knowledge could inform the design of products, systems, and environments for more effective use by the older population.…”

Section: Knowing the Older Usermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Model Human Processor and the older adult: Parameter estimation and validation within a mobile phone task.

Jastrzembski

Charness

2007

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied

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The authors estimate weighted mean values for nine information processing parameters for older adults using the Card, Moran, and Newell (1983) Model Human Processor model. The authors validate a subset of these parameters by modeling two mobile phone tasks using two different phones and comparing model predictions to a sample of younger (N = 20; M age = 20) and older (N = 20; M age = 69) adults. Older adult models fit keystroke-level performance at the aggregate grain of analysis extremely well (R = 0.99) and produced equivalent fits to previously validated younger adult models. Critical path analyses highlighted points of poor design as a function of cognitive workload, hardware/software design, and user characteristics. The findings demonstrate that estimated older adult information processing parameters are valid for modeling purposes, can help designers understand age-related performance using existing interfaces, and may support the development of age-sensitive technologies. Keywordsage; modeling; GOMS; human engineering; design; mobile phone A hallmark of good design is represented by the human factors injunction to "know the user" (Nielson, 1994, p. 73) before design specifications are made. It is essential to account for basic human processing requirements in order to optimize performance with respect to time, accuracy, and satisfaction, in order to produce "user-friendly" systems, interfaces, or devices. Research in human factors and human-computer interaction has a legacy of designing products around the needs of the younger user, in part because many designers are young themselves (the largest population density of workers are between the ages of 30-34; National Science Foundation, 2006), and, as a result, older adults often find that they have difficulties interacting with existing technology and report feelings of frustration and confusion when trying to adapt (e.g., Fisk & Rogers, 1997;Rogers, Fisk, Mead, Walker, & Cabrera, 1996;.As it currently stands, older adult competencies and limitations are not usually accounted for in these earliest stages of design and engineering. Some strides have been made to help accommodate older adults to existing systems through modification of interfaces and Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Tiffany S. Jastrzembski, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301. tiffany.jastrzembski@mesa.afmc.af.mil. Tiffany S. Jastrzembski and Neil Charness, Department of Psychology, Florida State University. HHS Public Access Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript systems (e.g., changing acceleration of a mouse, enlarging font size, enhancing contrast), or through modification of the individual (e.g., adapting the user to the product with training and practice); yet a disconnect exists between the fields of cognitive aging and human engineering design. Human engineering design refers to testing systems with cognitive models that simulate human performance, so ...

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“…Salthouse (1984) found such a pattern for expert typists, who were able to compensate for slowed response times by looking farther ahead in the text. And in the musical domain, Krampe and Ericsson (1996) showed that with older pianists deliberate practice serves to 462 …”

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Identification of speeded and slowed familiar melodies by younger, middle-aged, and older musicians and nonmusicians.

Andrews

Dowling

Bartlett

et al. 1998

Psychology and Aging

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There is a range of tempos within which listeners can identify familiar tunes (around 0.8 to 6.0 notes/s). Faster and slower tunes are difficult to identify. The authors assessed fast and slow melodyidentification thresholds for 80 listeners ages 17-79 years with expertise varying from musically untrained to professional. On fast-to-slow (FS) trials the tune started at a very fast tempo and slowed until the listener identified it. Slow-to-fast (SF) trials started slow and accelerated. Tunes either retained their natural rhythms or were stylized isochronous versions. Increased expertise led to better performance for both FS and SF thresholds (r = .45). Performance declined uniformly across the 62-year age range in the FS condition (r = .27). SF performance was unaffected by age. Although early encoding processes may slow with age, expertise has a greater effect. Musical expertise involves perceptual learning with melodies at a wide range of tempos.The slowing of certain cognitive processes with age is a welldocumented phenomenon (Salthouse, 1996a(Salthouse, , 1996b. Tasks that show this effect include verbal and visual memory, judgment, mental arithmetic, and tests of spatial ability. Research in this area has generally been concerned with how fast people of different ages could accomplish information-processing tasks. With increasing age from around 20 years there is a gradual, steady decline in the speed of performance of speeded tasks. However, researchers have seldom asked how slowly people could perform tasks that require slow performance to be effective. For example, certain pieces of music are more effective when slow, though performing a piece extremely slowly, yet coherently, can be very difficult. Elisabeth GrUmmer and Wilhelm Furtw~ingler's 1954 performance of the aria "Und ob die Wolke sie verhtille (And Even When the Clouds Hide It)" from Weber's Der Freischiitz (The Freeshooter) owes much of its unique beauty to the especially slow tempo that they achieve. And there are situations where it is necessary to speak at an unusually slow tempo in order to be understood, as when talking with someone with a severe hearing loss or someone with only a beginning grasp of the language or when lecturing to a class with only a beginning grasp of the subject matter.Several theoretical accounts have been developed to explain the slowing of cognitive processing with age. The simplest hyMelinda W. Andrews, W. Jay Dowling, and James C. Bartlett, Programs in Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Texas at Dallas; Andrea R. Halpern, Department of Psychology, Bucknell University.This research was supported by National Institute on Aging Grant 1-R01-AG09965. We thank Laura Straiter for assistance in data collection, Janie Jury for assistance in preparing the figure, and Bruno Repp and Richard Warren for helpful and thought-provoking comments.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to W. Jay Dowling, Programs in Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 7...

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Maintaining excellence: Deliberate practice and elite performance in young and older pianists.

Cited by 413 publications

References 80 publications

Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

Maintenance of Skilled Performance with Age: A Descriptive Examination of Professional Golfers

The Model Human Processor and the older adult: Parameter estimation and validation within a mobile phone task.

Identification of speeded and slowed familiar melodies by younger, middle-aged, and older musicians and nonmusicians.

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