“…Policy makers who wish to revitalize neighborhoods do include social cost considerations and sometimes provide public finance in funding alterations to access and parking, or to public space to let a property owner redevelop their property (Ahlfeldt, Maennig, & Richter, 2016). A broad set of literature finds evidence for positive external effects from such place-based investments, such as brownfields (Kiel & Zabel, 2001), cultural heritage (Been, Ellen, Gedal, Glaeser, & McCabe, 2016;Koster & Rouwendal, 2017), industrial heritage (Van Duijn, Rouwendal, & Boersema, 2016), local parks (Livy & Klaiber, 2016), and subsidized housing (Koster & Van Ommeren, 2019;Schwartz, Ellen, Voicu, & Schill, 2006). These empirical studies suggest that property prices tend to be anywhere between 0% and 17% higher in neighborhoods after these investments.…”