Maintenance and Restoration of Immune System Function

Aspinall, Richard; Mitchell, Wayne

doi:10.1007/978-90-481-3999-6_15

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…The immune system itself declines with age (for review, see ref. 213), and because a major function of the immune system is to keep itself in check, we might expect inflammatory activation to rise with age. However, the evidence for increases in inflammatory damage resulting from immune dysregulation is more mixed: Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) cells and natural killer (NK) cells appear to be as functional in the elderly as in the young, 214,215 and if anything to have lower levels of activation to generate ROS.…”

Section: Tg2 In Age-related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transglutaminse 2 and EGGL, the Protein Cross-Link Formed by Transglutaminse 2, As Therapeutic Targets for Disabilities of Old Age

Bains

2013

Rejuvenation Research

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Aging of the extracellular matrix (ECM), the protein matrix that surrounds and penetrates the tissues and binds the body together, contributes significantly to functional aging of tissues. ECM proteins become increasingly cross-linked with age, and this cross-linking is probably important in the decline of the ECM's function. This article reviews the role of ε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine (EGGL), a cross-link formed by transglutaminase enzymes, and particularly the widely expressed isozyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2), in the aging ECM. There is little direct data on EGGL accumulation with age, and no direct evidence of a role of EGGL in the aging of the ECM with pathology. However, several lines of circumstantial evidence suggest that EGGL accumulates with age, and its association with pathology suggests that this might reflect degradation of ECM function. TG activity increases with age in many circumstances. ECM protein turnover is such that some EGGL made by TG is likely to remain in place for years, if not decades, in healthy tissue, and both EGGL and TG levels are enhanced by age-related diseases. If further research shows EGGL does accumulate with age, removing it could be of therapeutic benefit. Also reviewed is the blockade of TG and active removal of EGGL as therapeutic strategies, with the conclusion that both have promise. EGGL removal may have benefit for acute fibrotic diseases, such as tendinopathy, and for treating generalized decline in ECM function with old age. Extracellular TG2 and EGGL are therefore therapeutic targets both for specific and more generalized diseases of aging.

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Section: Tg2 In Age-related Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transglutaminse 2 and EGGL, the Protein Cross-Link Formed by Transglutaminse 2, As Therapeutic Targets for Disabilities of Old Age

Bains

2013

Rejuvenation Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Maintenance and Restoration of Immune System Function

Cited by 1 publication

References 110 publications

Transglutaminse 2 and EGGL, the Protein Cross-Link Formed by Transglutaminse 2, As Therapeutic Targets for Disabilities of Old Age

Transglutaminse 2 and EGGL, the Protein Cross-Link Formed by Transglutaminse 2, As Therapeutic Targets for Disabilities of Old Age

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