“…Findings from the literature indicate that most of the previous efforts to improve belt conveyor's energy efficiency were done at the equipment level, operation level, and technology level. Equipment efficiency activities include the development of energy-efficient belting materials [11,12], application of energy-efficient motors and variable speed drives [13], and monitoring and maintenance of conveyor components based on risks of failure and expert system tools [14,15]. At the operation efficiency level, initiatives include costeffective load shifting [16], adaptive belt speed control [17,18,19], material scheduling under the time-of-use electricity tariff [3,20,21] and critical peak pricing [22], and the optimal power flow between the electric drives [23].…”