Maintenance of influenza virus infectivity on the surfaces of personal protective equipment and clothing used in healthcare settings

Sakaguchi, Hiroko; Wada, Koji; Kajioka, Jitsuo; Watanabe, Mayumi; Nakano, Ryuichi; Hirose, Tatsuko; Ohta, Hiroshi; Aizawa, Yoshifusa

doi:10.1007/s12199-010-0149-y

Cited by 53 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, the hydrophobic fabrics gave a much higher virus recovery than hydrophilic Nylon, which agrees with the work of Sakaguchi et al 15. The AIV suspension formed droplets when applied to hydrophobic PP and PET surfaces with a small contact area between the virus and fibers while it easily spread and soaked into the Nylon fabrics with a much larger contact area and a higher probability for virus adsorption onto the fibers, consequently lowering the recovery efficiency.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

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Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundTo experimentally determine the survival kinetics of influenza virus on personal protective equipment (PPE) and to evaluate the risk of virus transfer from PPE, it is important to compare the effects on virus recovery of the method used to contaminate the PPE with virus and the type of eluent used to recover it.MethodsAvian influenza virus (AIV) was applied as a liquid suspension (spike test) and as an aerosol to three types of non‐woven fabrics [polypropylene (PP), polyester (PET), and polyamide (Nylon)] that are commonly used in the manufacture of PPE. This was followed by virus recovery using eight different eluents (phosphate‐buffered saline, minimum essential medium, and 1·5% or 3·0% beef extract at pH 7, 8, or 9).ResultsFor spike tests, no statistically significant difference was found in virus recovery using any of the eluents tested. Hydrophobic surfaces (PP and PET) yielded higher spiked virus recovery than hydrophilic Nylon. From all materials, the virus recovery was much lower in aerosol challenge tests than in spike tests.ConclusionsSignificant differences were found in the recovery of viable AIV from non‐woven fabrics between spike and aerosol challenge tests. The findings of this study demonstrate the need for realistic aerosol challenge tests rather than liquid spike tests in studies of virus survival on surfaces where airborne transmission of influenza virus may get involved.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The virus could be easily transferred from contaminated PPE to the skin when the PPE is removed from healthcare workers,10 which may greatly increase the risk of contact transmission. It has also been documented that influenza virus can survive on a wide variety of surfaces including non‐woven fabrics 11, 12, 13, 14, 15…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Zuo

Abin

Chander

et al. 2013

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…Control of viral contamination is important to prevent nosocomial transmission. Respiratory and enteric viruses have been reported to survive for days on surfaces, and viral infections are due to transfer from these surfaces to susceptible persons [12][13][14]. IFV and NoV can be transmitted by direct and indirect contact with contaminated surfaces and/or aerosol and is linked to the outbreaks in hospitals and long-term care facilities [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad Spectrum Microbicidal Activity of Photocatalysis by TiO2

et al. 2013

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Photocatalytically active titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is widely used as a self-cleaning and self-disinfecting material in many applications to keep environments biologically clean. Several studies on the inactivation of bacteria and viruses by photocatalytic reactions have also been reported; however, only few studies evaluated the spectrum of the microbicidal activity with photocatalysis for various species. There is a need to confirm the expected OPEN ACCESSCatalysts 2013, 3 311 effectiveness of disinfection by photocatalysis against multidrug-resistant bacteria and viruses. In this study, microbicidal activity of photocatalysis was evaluated by comparing the inactivation of various species of bacteria and viruses when their suspensions were dropped on the surface of TiO 2 -coated glass. Gram-positive bacteria, e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, were easily inactivated by photocatalysis, whereas some gram-negative bacteria, e.g., Escherichia coli and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were gradually inactivated by photocatalysis. Influenza virus, an enveloped virus, was significantly inactivated by photocatalysis compared with feline calicivirus, a non-enveloped virus. The effectiveness of microbicidal activity by photocatalysis may depend on the surface structure. However, they are effectively inactivated by photocatalysis on the surface of TiO 2 -coated glass. Our data emphasize that effective cleaning and disinfection by photocatalysis in nosocomial settings prevents pathogen transmission.

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“…Methods previously used to recover influenza virus from environmental surfaces included a premoistened swab (15)(16)(17), surface rinsing (18), or a combination of residual liquid and a premoistened swab (19). To date, no recommended, standardized, or validated guidelines that describe the best methodology for recovery of viruses from any type of environmental surface are available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies of persistence on environmental surfaces have found that various strains of influenza A (H1N1) virus remained infectious on SS surfaces for approximately 24 h but no longer than 72 h (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). In this study, we evaluated the persistence and infectivity of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains, A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (A/NC-H1N1) and A/Brisbane/59/2007 (A/Br-H1N1), in three different substrate matrices (viral medium, 2% fetal bovine serum [FBS], and 5 mg/ml mucin) on SS surfaces stored for various times up to 7 days under a range of absolute humidity conditions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces

Perry

Coulliette

Rose

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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As annual influenza epidemics continue to cause significant morbidity and economic burden, an understanding of viral persistence and transmission is critical for public health officials and health care workers to better protect patients and their family members from infection. The infectivity and persistence of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains (A/New Caledonia/20/1999 and A/Brisbane/59/2007) on stainless steel (SS) surfaces were evaluated using three different surface matrices (2% fetal bovine serum, 5 mg/ml mucin, and viral medium) under various absolute humidity conditions (4.1 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 6.5 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 7.1 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 11.4 ؋ 10 5 mPa, 11.2 ؋ 10 5 mPa, and 17.9 ؋ 10 5 mPa) for up to 7 days. Influenza A virus was deposited onto SS coupons (7.07 cm 2 ) and recovered by agitation and sonication in viral medium. Viral persistence was quantified using a tissue culturebased enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the median (50%) tissue culture infective dose (TCID 50 ) of infectious virus per coupon. Overall, both strains of influenza A virus remained infectious on SS coupons, with an approximate 2 log 10 loss over 7 days. Factors that influenced viral persistence included absolute humidity, strain-absolute humidity interaction, and time (P < 0.01). Further studies on the transfer of influenza A virus from fomites by hand and the impact of inanimate surface contamination on transmission should be performed, as this study demonstrates prolonged persistence on nonporous surfaces. IMPORTANCEThis study tested the ability of two influenza A (H1N1) virus strains to persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces under various environmental conditions. It demonstrated that influenza A (H1N1) viruses can persist and remain infectious on stainless steel surfaces for 7 days. Additional studies should be conducted to assess the role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of influenza A virus.

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Maintenance of influenza virus infectivity on the surfaces of personal protective equipment and clothing used in healthcare settings

Cited by 53 publications

References 21 publications

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Comparison of spike and aerosol challenge tests for the recovery of viable influenza virus from non‐woven fabrics

Broad Spectrum Microbicidal Activity of Photocatalysis by TiO2

Persistence of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus on Stainless Steel Surfaces

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