Maintenance of tree diversity in tropical forests.

Terborgh, John; Pitman, Nigel C. A.; Silman, Miles R.; Schichter, H.; Levey, D. J.; Silva, W. R.; Galetti, Mauro

doi:10.1079/9780851995250.0001

Cited by 115 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Esta espécie foi a única que apresentou padrão de distribuição espacial fortemente agregado na parcela (Prata 2009), em consequência provavelmente do maior sucesso no recrutamento de indivíduos espacialmente próximos entre si, provavelmente associados à proximidade com a planta mãe e a chuva de sementes no local. Esta hipótese estaria de acordo com a teoria de Terborgh et al (2008), de que indivíduos jovens de espécies comuns têm maior capacidade de recrutar próximo a um indivíduo adulto, aumentando portanto, a densidade da espécie na área onde ocorre.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Desta forma, nichos mais estreitos são definidos pelas espécies e diferentes porções do continuum de recursos são utilizadas, sendo este um dos fatores que favorecem a coexistência de espécies (Begon et al 2007). A respeito das principais teorias que tentam explicar coexistência e a diversidade de espécies, Giacomini (2007) fez uma excelente revisão da literatura e Terborgh et al (2008) e Zimmerman et al (2008 testaram suas validades em comunidades arbóreas de florestas tropicais.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

2011

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Abstract:We conducted floristic and structural surveys on arboreous component (circumference at breast high ≥ 15 cm) in 1 ha plot (100 sub-plots of 10 × 10 m) located in a stretch of Atlantic Ombrophilous Dense Forest Lowland-Lower montane transition, in Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, São Paulo State. The regenerating layer (H ≥ 1.5 m and circumference at breast height < 15 cm) was sampled in 0.4 ha (40 sub-plots of 10 × 10 m) within the plot. The richness and diversity were 156 species and H' = 4.00 for the arboreous component in 1 ha, 173 and H' = 4.25 for arboreous (113 species) and regenerating (134 species) layers together in 0.4 ha, and 192 species considering the whole sample. The most abundant species in the tree layer were Euterpe edulis, with 191 individuals (14.8%), Mollinedia schottiana (5.1%), Rustia formosa (4.8%), Chrysoplhyllum flexuosum (4.7%), Coussarea meridionalis var. porophylla (4.7%) and Guapira opposita (4.4%). These species were also among the most abundant in the regenerating layer. The richest families were Myrtaceae (32 spp.), Rubiaceae (15), Fabaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Moraceae (eight), Euphorbiaceae (seven) and Lauraceae (six). Tree species richness varied positively with density along the vertical structure of vegetation, being higher in lower high classes, where the density is much larger. On the other hand, the evenness in these classes was lower, increasing toward the upper classes, where trees are not concentrated in few species. Keywords: diversity, phytosociology, regenerating layer, species richness, tree layer, vertical structure. Resumo: Realizamos o levantamento florístico e estrutural do componente arbóreo (PAP ≥ 15 cm) em uma parcela de 1 ha (100 sub-parcelas de 10 × 10 m) localizada em um trecho da transição Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica das Terras Baixas-Submontana, no Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, Estado de São Paulo. O estrato regenerante (H ≥ 1,5 m e PAP < 15 cm) foi amostrado em 0,4 ha (40 sub-parcelas 10 × 10 m) dentro da parcela. A riqueza florística e a diversidade foram de 156 espécies e H' = 4,00 para o componente arbóreo em 1 ha, 173 e H' = 4,25 para os estratos arbóreo (113 espécies) e regenerante (134) em 0,4 ha e 192 espécies considerando toda a amostragem. As espécies mais abundantes no estrato arbóreo foram Euterpe edulis, com 191 indivíduos (14,8%), Mollinedia schottiana (5,1%), Rustia formosa (4,8%), Chrysoplhyllum flexuosum (4,7%), Coussarea meridionalis var. porophylla (4,7%) e Guapira opposita (4,4%). Estas espécies estiveram entre as mais abundantes também no estrato regenerante. As famílias com maior riqueza foram Myrtaceae (32 spp.), Rubiaceae (15), Fabaceae (13), Sapotaceae (10), Moraceae (oito), Euphorbiaceae (sete) e Lauraceae (seis). A riqueza de espécies arbóreas variou positivamente com a densidade ao longo do gradiente vertical estrutural da vegetação, sendo maior nas classes mais baixas de altura, onde a densidade é expressivamente maior. Por outro lado, nestas classes a equabilidade é mais baixa, aumentando em direção às c...

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

2011

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“…In several cases, the loss of large frugivores has been followed by an increase in small seed predators, which are less sensitive to hunting [5,13]. There is strong evidence showing that where large vertebrate frugivores are reduced by illegal hunting and other anthropogenic disturbances, their seed dispersal services are also disrupted [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bushmeat hunting changes regeneration of African rainforests

et al. 2013

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To assess ecological consequences of bushmeat hunting in African lowland rainforests, we compared paired sites, with high and low hunting pressure, in three areas of southeastern Nigeria. In hunted sites, populations of important seed dispersers-both small and large primates (including the Cross River gorilla, Gorilla gorilla diehli)-were drastically reduced. Large rodents were more abundant in hunted sites, even though they are hunted. Hunted and protected sites had similar mature tree communities dominated by primate-dispersed species. In protected sites, seedling communities were similar in composition to the mature trees, but in hunted sites species with other dispersal modes dominated among seedlings. Seedlings emerging 1 year after clearing of all vegetation in experimental plots showed a similar pattern to the standing seedlings. This study thus verifies the transforming effects of bushmeat hunting on plant communities of tropical forests and is one of the first studies to do so for the African continent.

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“…Groups of Psittacidae, Ramphastidae, Cotingidae, Callithrichidae and Cebidae have also been reported as removing seeds from B. utile (Parrado-Roselli 2005), and Quiroptera in B. alicastrum (Acosta & Aguanta 2006). According to the theory of no frugivore-specialization (Hubbell et al 1999, Terborgh et al 2002, the availability of a wide group of frugivores would give B. rubescens an adaptive advantage for dispersion.…”

Section: Seed Removal By Frugivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra annual seed production and availability of two morphotypes of Brosimum rubescens taubert in forests of the Colombian Amazon

2014

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We assessed the reproductive phenology, production, and availability of seeds for two morphotypes of Brosimum rubescens Taub. (Moraceae), locally known as black palosangre (BP) and white palosangre (WP) during an annual cycle in a 20-ha mega plot located in a primary forest at the El Zafire Biological Station, in the Colombian Amazon. We found that 87% and 41% of potentially reproductive individuals of BP and WP respectively, was fertile and the production of reproductive structures was variable within and between morphotypes. The phenological pattern was seasonal in both morphotypes, characterized by flowering at the end of the dry season and fruiting at the start of the rainy season. BP produced and aborted large amounts of infructescences (approximately 21743), possibly as a response to satiate predators. Relative predation in terms of pre-dispersion of seeds was similar in both morphotypes, with a greater damage generated by a Scolytidae Curculionidae (Coleoptera) and to a lesser degree by frugivorous vertebrates. The number of mature fruits, total seeds, and removed seeds was similar for both morphotypes. Differences in the amount of reproductive structures and in the timing of phenophases between morphotypes decreased the competition and contributed to their coexistence. It seems that in undisturbed forests seed limitation could be more conditioning for WP, while other limitations after fruit and seed production could occur in BP.

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Maintenance of tree diversity in tropical forests.

Cited by 115 publications

References 45 publications

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

Composição florística e estrutura da comunidade arbórea na transição da Floresta Ombrófila Densa das Terras Baixas - Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana do Núcleo Picinguaba/PESM, Ubatuba, sudeste do Brasil

Bushmeat hunting changes regeneration of African rainforests

Intra annual seed production and availability of two morphotypes of Brosimum rubescens taubert in forests of the Colombian Amazon

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