Maize and Risk of Cancers of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus in Northeastern Italy

Franceschi, Silvia; Bidoli, Ettore; Barón, Anna E.; Vecchia, Carlo La

doi:10.1093/jnci/82.17.1407

Cited by 369 publications

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“…21,22 Thus, the finding that whole grain and other plant foods are inversely related to the incidence of upper aerodigestive cancer suggests many possible avenues for research into cancer mechanisms. As in other studies, [23][24][25][26][27] we found that cigarette smoking was strongly positively associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancers. In our study, alcohol use was positively associated with upper aerodigestive cancers but lost statistical significance after adjustment for age, smoking and dietary factors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Kasum

Jacobs

Nicodemus

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

112

103

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We examined the association between whole-grain intake and incident upper aerodigestive tract cancer in a cohort of 34,651 postmenopausal, initially cancer-free women. We also studied established risk factors for upper aerodigestive cancers, including fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. A mailed questionnaire at baseline in 1986 included a food-frequency questionnaire and assessment of other cancer risk factors. During the 14-year follow-up period, 169 Studies that have considered the role of dietary factors with regard to cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract have generally reported inverse associations with intake of fruit and vegetables, 1-7 and whole grains. 8,9 Several studies support the idea that wholegrain intake is associated with reduced risk of gastric cancers. 10 Studies that included grain fiber as a predictor 11,12 further bolster the idea that whole grain may protect against upper aerodigestive tract cancers. Previous studies of upper aerodigestive cancers have been case-control in design and, therefore, potentially subject to recall bias.The mechanism of the apparent protective effect of fruits, vegetables and whole grains against upper aerodigestive cancers remains unclear. It may be a result of their fiber content, antioxidant content or some other phytochemicals. Clarification of the protective mechanisms of fruits, vegetables and whole grains is important to our understanding of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract. In an analysis of the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS), a prospective cohort study of initially 55-to 69-year old women living in Iowa, Zheng et al. 13 reported lower dietary intake of yellow/orange vegetables and of carotene, vitamins C and E and retinol in the 59 women who developed upper digestive tract cancers between 1986 and 1992.Our primary focus was to study whether, after 14 years of follow-up in the IWHS, whole-grain intake is related to reduced risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers. At the same time, we reviewed evidence for the established lifestyle risk factors: low fruit and vegetable intake, smoking and alcohol intake. To address potential mechanisms, we considered the roles of fiber and specific micronutrients in the risk of upper digestive tract neoplasms. MATERIAL AND METHODSA detailed description of the methodology of the IWHS has been published elsewhere. 14 Briefly, participants in the IWHS were a random sample of women aged 55-69 years from the 1985 Iowa driver's license list. A total of 41,836 women responded to a mail survey in January 1986 (42.7% response rate). Using information from the driver's license list and the 1980 U.S. census, it was determined that responders were about 3 months older than nonresponders, 0.4 kg/m 2 lighter and slightly more likely to live in rural, less affluent counties. Nonresponders had somewhat higher rates of smoking-related diseases. 14 Women were excluded from the analysis if they left 30 or more items blank on the foodfrequency questionnaire or reported implausibly high or low energy intak...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Kasum

Jacobs

Nicodemus

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

112

103

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“…These neoplasms are strongly related to smoking and alcohol consumption (Franceschi et al, 1990;Negri et al, 1993), but several studies have related various aspects of diet to the risk of oral/pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers (Trichopoulou et al, 2000;Zheng et al, 1992). A diet rich in animal fats has been associated with an increased risk of these cancers (Launoy et al, 1998), but the epidemiological evidence on the role of meat consumption is not consistent (Franceschi et al, 1999b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of fried foods and oral/pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers

et al. 2005

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We investigated the role of fried foods on oral-pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers, using data from two case -control studies conducted in Italy and Switzerland between 1992 and 1999, one with a total of 749 (634 men) cases of oral/pharyngeal cancer and 1772 (1252 men) controls, the other with 395 (351 men) cases of oesophageal cancer and 1066 (875 men) controls. Controls were admitted for acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to alcohol and smoking consumption. After allowance for sex, age, centre, education, body mass index, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking and nonalcohol energy intake, the multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for an increment of one portion per week of total fried foods were 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05 -1.17) for oral-pharyngeal and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.08 -1.26) for oesophageal cancer. The ORs were consistent across strata of gender (OR in men only were 1.10 and 1.16, respectively), age, alcohol, tobacco consumption and body mass index.

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“…The multivariate odds ratio was 2.46 for heavy drinkers non-smokers, and 9.38 for current smokers non-drinkers. Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking increase the risk of laryngeal cancer, and show a multiplicative effect on risk (IARC, 1986(IARC, , 1988Tuyns et al, 1988;Franceschi et al, 1990;Sankaranarayanan et al, 1990;Dosemeci et al, 1997). In developed countries, laryngeal cancer is extremely rare in individuals who do not smoke and do not drink alcohol and information on risk in such people is therefore limited.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer of the larynx in non-smoking alcohol drinkers and in non-drinking tobacco smokers

et al. 2002

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The separate effect of alcohol and tobacco on laryngeal cancer was analysed in two case -control studies from Italy and Switzerland, comprising 40 non-smoking and 68 non-drinking cases, and 160 non-smoking and 161 non-drinking controls. The multivariate odds ratio was 2.46 for heavy drinkers non-smokers, and 9.38 for current smokers non-drinkers. Alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking increase the risk of laryngeal cancer, and show a multiplicative effect on risk (IARC, 1986(IARC, , 1988Tuyns et al, 1988;Franceschi et al, 1990;Sankaranarayanan et al, 1990;Dosemeci et al, 1997). In developed countries, laryngeal cancer is extremely rare in individuals who do not smoke and do not drink alcohol and information on risk in such people is therefore limited.A hospital-based US study found an association with tobacco in non/moderate alcohol drinkers, but had no information on alcohol in non-smokers (Wynder et al, 1976). A case -control study from Canada, reported an increasing risk of laryngeal cancer in relation to alcohol drinking in non-smokers, based, however, on three case -control pairs only (Burch et al, 1981). A case -control study conducted in Italy, Spain, Switzerland and France reported odds ratios (OR) of 1.7 for 580 g day 71 of alcohol among nine nonsmoking cancer cases of the hypopharynx and epilarynx, and of 6.7 for 540 g day 71 of alcohol among 22 non-smoking cancer cases of the endolarynx (Tuyns et al, 1988). A Polish study found a strong association with number of cigarettes among non-vodka drinkers, but the reference category was based on a single case (Zatonski et al, 1990). PATIENTS AND METHODSThe separate effect of alcohol and tobacco on laryngeal cancer risk was analysed in the combined data of two case -control studies, including a uniquely large number of non-smoking and non-drinking subjects. The first study, conducted between 1986 and 1992 in the province of Pordenone and the greater Milan area, northern Italy, included 162 subjects with incident, histologically confirmed cancer of the larynx La Vecchia et al, 1990). The second one was conducted between 1992 and 2000 in the province of Pordenone and the greater Milan area, Italy, and in the Swiss Canton of Vaud, on 527 incident, histologically confirmed laryngeal cancer cases. Forty non-smoking cases (median age 60 years, range 30 -72) and 68 non-drinking ones (median age 61 years, range 42 -74) were identified in the two studies, and included in the present analysis. Non-smoking cases included 20 glottis, two supraglottis and 18 other or unspecified laryngeal cancers; non-drinking ones included 21 glottis, 12 supraglottis and 35 other or unspecified laryngeal cancers. They were matched on study, sex, age and study center to 160 non-smoking controls (median age 60 years, range 31 -79) and 161 non-drinking controls (median age 59 years, range 40 -77), selected from a database of 4781 patients, admitted to the same network of hospitals as cases, for a wide spectrum of acute, non-neoplastic conditions, unrelated to alcohol consumption and tobacc...

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Maize and Risk of Cancers of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus in Northeastern Italy

Cited by 369 publications

References 0 publications

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Dietary risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers

Role of fried foods and oral/pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers

Cancer of the larynx in non-smoking alcohol drinkers and in non-drinking tobacco smokers

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