Maize brace roots provide stalk anchorage

Reneau, Jonathan W; Khangura, Rajdeep S.; Stager, Adam; Erndwein, Lindsay; Weldekidan, Teclemariam; Cook, Douglas D.; Dilkes, Brian P.; Sparks, Erin E.

doi:10.1002/pld3.284

Cited by 33 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In cereals such as maize and sorghum, below-ground shoot-borne roots are commonly called crown roots, and above-ground shootborne roots are commonly called brace roots. More evidence indicates that brace roots actually help to reduce shoot lodging (Reneau et al, 2020).…”

Section: Root Growth Plasticity In Response To Environmental Cuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root system architecture in cereals: progress, challenges and perspective

et al. 2022

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Roots are essential multifunctional plant organs involved in water and nutrient uptake, metabolite storage, anchorage, mechanical support, and interaction with the soil environment. Understanding of this 'hidden half' provides potential for manipulation of root system architecture (RSA) traits to optimize resource use efficiency and grain yield in cereal crops. Unfortunately, root traits are highly neglected in breeding due to the challenges of phenotyping, but could have large rewards if the variability in RSA traits can be fully exploited. Until now, a plethora of genes have been characterized in detail for their potential role in improving RSA. The use of forward genetics approaches to find sequence variations in genes underpinning desirable RSA would be highly beneficial. Advances in computer vision applications have allowed image-based approaches for high-throughput phenotyping of RSA traits that can be used by any laboratory worldwide to make progress in understanding root function and dissection of the genetics. At the same time, the frontiers of root measurement include non-invasive methods like X-ray computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging that facilitate new types of temporal studies. Root physiology and ecology are further supported by spatiotemporal root simulation modeling. The discovery of component traits providing improved resilience and yield advantage in target environments is a key necessity for mainstreaming root-based cereal breeding. The integrated use of pan-genome resources, now available in most cereals, coupled with new in-field phenotyping platforms has the potential for precise selection of superior genotypes with improved RSA.

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Section: Root Growth Plasticity In Response To Environmental Cuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root system architecture in cereals: progress, challenges and perspective

et al. 2022

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“…It could be ascribed to the anchorage of root in the slipping direction, even though it was weakened in the lifting direction. This phenomenon was proved in the anchorage of brace roots by Reneau et al (2020) . The force to slip lodged stalk was a little larger than that to push down the upright stalk because the stacking of lodged stalks restricts the slipping.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In the previous studies, Donovan et al (1982) measured the pulling force of the corn root with a sensor connected to the three-point linkage of the tractor. Reneau et al (2020) tested the contribution of brace roots on anchorage by measuring the deflection forces after removing them. However, there is still a lack of reliable data about the root anchorage effect on the lodged corn stalks in corn harvesting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The effect of root anchorage on corn stalk is the main cause of difficulties in stalk lifting and ear picking of lodged corn. To quantify the forces on the stalks caused by root anchorage in corn harvesting, a root force measurement system was designed and applied in this study. The bending moment and torsional moment on the upright and lodged corn stalks were measured in corn harvesting with the designed system and the results were compared with the manually measured failure boundaries. The manually measured results showed bending moments to push down the upright stalks, to lift the lodged corn stalks, and to slip the lodged corn stalks were 35.12, 23.33, and 40.36 Nm, respectively, whereas the torsional moments needed to twist off the upright and lodged corn stalks were 4.02 and 3.33 Nm, respectively. The bending moments that the corn header applied to the upright, forward lodged, reverse lodged, and lateral lodged corn stalks were 10.68, 22.24, 16.56, and 20.42 Nm, respectively, whereas the torsional moments on them were 1.32, 1.59, 1.55, and 1.77 Nm, respectively. The bending force was the main factor that broke the root anchorage and influenced the stalk movement of lodged corn in harvesting. By analyzing the bending moment curves on the lodged corn stalks, it was proposed that for the harvesting of corn lodged in the forward, reverse, and lateral direction, the corresponding harvester header improvement suggestions are enlarging the size of pins on the gathering chains, reducing the speed of gathering chains, and lengthening the snouts with a sleeker surface, respectively. This study provides base data for the root anchorage effect on lodged corn and provides references for the improved design of the corn harvester header.

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“…In addition, MVN can also affect plant lodging resistance by influencing the mechanical strength of brace roots. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were also calculated after comparison of MVN with five brace root morphological traits: brace root tier number (BRT), brace root radius (RBR), brace root number (BRN), brace root angle (BRA), and brace root diameter (BRD) (Unpublished results), which can affect plant yield and lodging resistance ( Reneau et al, 2020 ). MVN was extremely significantly negatively correlated with RBR.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genome-Wide Association Study Dissects the Genetic Architecture of the Metaxylem Vessel Number in Maize Brace Roots

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Metaxylem vessels in maize brace roots are key tissue, and their number (MVN) affects plant water and inorganic salt transportation and lodging resistance. Dissecting the genetic basis of MVN in maize brace roots can help guide the genetic improvement of maize drought resistance and lodging resistance during late developmental stages. In this study, we used 508 inbred lines with tropical, subtropical, and temperate backgrounds to analyze the genetic architecture of MVN in maize brace roots. The phenotypic variation in MVN in brace roots was evaluated in three environments, which revealed broad natural variation and relative low levels of heritability (h2 = 0.42). Stiff-stalk lines with a temperate background tended to have higher MVNs than plants in other genetic backgrounds. MVN was significantly positively correlated with plant height, tassel maximum axis length, ear length, and kernel number per row, which indicates that MVN may affect plant morphological development and yield. In addition, MVN was extremely significantly negatively correlated with brace root radius, but significantly positively correlated with brace root angle (BRA), diameter, and number, thus suggesting that the morphological function of some brace root traits may be essentially determined by MVN. Association analysis of MVN in brace roots combined 1,253,814 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using FarmCPU revealed a total of nine SNPs significantly associated with MVN at P < 7.96 × 10–7. Five candidate genes for MVN that may participate in secondary wall formation (GRMZM2G168365, GRMZM2G470499, and GRMZM2G028982) and regulate flowering time (GRMZM2G381691 and GRMZM2G449165). These results provide useful information for understanding the genetic basis of MVN in brace root development. Further functional studies of identified candidate genes should help elucidate the molecular pathways that regulate MVN in maize brace roots.

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Maize brace roots provide stalk anchorage

Abstract: The failure of crop plants to maintain a vertical position is referred to as lodging and can affect both crop yield and grain quality (Berry

Cited by 33 publications

References 26 publications

Root system architecture in cereals: progress, challenges and perspective

Root system architecture in cereals: progress, challenges and perspective

Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting

A Genome-Wide Association Study Dissects the Genetic Architecture of the Metaxylem Vessel Number in Maize Brace Roots

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