“…These findings, contrary to our initial hypothesis, come with two caveats: the number of studies remains relatively small, and vectors typically acquire pathogens by feeding on infected plants, making it challenging to disentangle the direct and indirect effects of the pathogen on the insect vector. Some studies limited the contribution of indirect effects by infecting vectors in vitro [14,41,43,45,46,50,[53][54][55] or transferring them regularly onto unexposed plants [50]. For most other studies, whether effects were direct, indirect, likely both, or certainly both were inferred based on pathogen transmission mode and the experimentally infected party (electronic supplementary material, figure S2).…”