Major Depressive Disorder in Iran: Epidemiology, Health Care Provision, Utilization, and Challenges

Amin-Esmaeili, Ma­soumeh; Shadloo, Behrang; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Ardestani, Seyed Mehdi Samimi; Hajebi, Ahmad; Khatibzadeh, Shahab; Sharifi, Vandad; Samadi, Roya; Yasamy, M. Taghi; Zarghami, Mehran; Farzadfar, Farshad; Shahraz, Saeid

doi:10.34172/aim.2022.54

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…On average, 8% of the patients who are hospitalized due to other reasons are affected by MDD. In Iran, data from the national mental health survey (IranMHS) showed that 12.7% of the adult population had suffered from MDD in the past twelve months [ 4 ], and 41.2% of them had received any health services for their mental problem [ 42 ]. This means that if electronic health records are used, approximately 40% of adults with past twelve MDD will be found, and the remaining 60% will remain in the unexposed or healthy group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preexisting depression and COVID-19: a cohort study on the risk of susceptibility and hospitalization

Nasirpour,

Esmailzadehha,

Hajebi

et al. 2023

BMC Psychiatry

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Background Depression can have negative effects on a person’s physical health. However, the available evidence on the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 and its adverse outcomes in people with mental disorders, including depression, is limited and inconsistent. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between major depressive disorder (MDD) and the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization. The data used in the study were obtained from the Employees’ Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR). Methods We conducted a cohort study that included 3355 participants who had complete data on major depressive disorder at baseline assessment and two annual telephone follow-ups between January 2020 and March 2022. Trained psychologists used the Persian version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-2.1) to identify major depressive disorders during the baseline assessment. We applied log binomial regression models to adjust for sociodemographic factors and background health conditions. Results We found that 11.4% of participants had lifetime MDD and 7.3% had MDD in the past 12 months. During the pandemic, 26.1% of participants were infected with COVID-19, and 14.4% of those who were infected were hospitalized. The risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection was significantly higher among participants with lifetime MDD than among those without MDD (adjusted risk ratio (ARR) = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06–1.47). However, lifetime MDD or 12-month MDD was not independently associated with hospitalization among COVID-19 cases. Conclusions Preexisting major depressive disorder may increase the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preexisting depression and COVID-19: a cohort study on the risk of susceptibility and hospitalization

Nasirpour,

Esmailzadehha,

Hajebi

et al. 2023

BMC Psychiatry

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In other words, on average 8% of the patients who are hospitalized due to other reasons are affected by MDD. In Iran, data from the national mental health survey (IranMHS) showed that 12.7% of the adult population had suffered from MDD in the past twelve months [20], 41.2% of them had received any health services for their mental problem [37]. This means that if we use electronic health records, about 40% of adults with past twelve MDD will be found, and the rest 60% will retain in unexposed or healthy group.…”

Section: Strengths and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Major depressive disorders and the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization: findings from the Employees’ Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR)

Nasirpour

Esmailzadehha

Hajebi

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Purpose The association of major depressive disorder (MDD) with higher risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization remained inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess the both hypotheses in the Employees’ Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR). Methods Among 4886 EHCSIR participants, 3355 subjects who had a complete data on major depressive disorder and two annual telephone follow-ups from January 2020 to March 2022 were recruited in this study. Trained psychologists applied the Persian version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-2.1) to recognize major depressive disorders at baseline assessment. Log binomial regression models were separately applied to investigate the association between MDD and risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and background health conditions. Results The lifetime and twelve-month prevalence of MDD at the baseline of the cohort study were 11.4% and 7.3%, respectively. During the pandemic, 876 (26.1%) of the participants were infected with COVID-19 and 126 of these patients (14.4%) were hospitalized. The risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection among study participants who had lifetime MDD was significantly higher than unexposed participants (ARR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06–1.47). Among the COVID-19 cases, neither lifetime MDD (ARR = 1.26, 95% CI: 0.71–2.24) nor twelve-month MDD (ARR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.48–2.15) was independently associated with hospitalization. Conclusion Preexisting major depressive disorder may cause a higher risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, but it is not associated with higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization.

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Facilitators and barriers in the development and implementation of depression prevention and treatment policies in China: a qualitative study

Zhou²,

Fu³

et al. 2023

BMC Public Health

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Background Depression is one of the leading causes of avoidable suffering and premature death worldwide, leading to the disease burden among mental disorders. Depression-related deaths can be prevented by developing and implementing good depression prevention and treatment policies. The goal of this study is to provide theoretical direction and useful references for examining the outstanding service work of depression prevention and treatment. It also aims to describe how depression prevention and treatment policies were developed and put into practice in China, along with the associated facilitators and barriers. Methods We integrated two data sources using a case study approach: a document review of relevant policy documents, published articles and reports between 2004 and 2022 (N = 12 papers) and in-depth interviews (N = 41). Participants were drawn from pertinent sectors to managing depression: research and academia, relevant government departments, health care providers, people with depression and their families, and community organisations. Thematic analysis was used to analyse all data. Results A comprehensive programme of work exploring specific services for depression prevention and treatment was developed in China in 2020. Facilitators of policy development and implementation include (1) political commitment and strong leadership, (2) coordination mechanisms, (3) stakeholder enthusiasm and commitment, (4) resources, and (5) the use of digital technologies. The main barriers leading to delays in policy development and implementation include (1) insufficient awareness and lack of depression literacy, (2) lack of resources and (3) stigma and social discrimination (4) lack of united action. Conclusion Although the process of implementing a distinctive service programme for depression prevention and treatment in China has been long, the current policy is in line with current global efforts. Strategies to reduce Stigma and increase knowledge about depression are part of a national and international approach to reducing the burden of depression. Political commitment and the involvement of all stakeholders remain necessary. An adequate response to depression will require the involvement of society as a whole, with joint action to reduce the risk of exposure to adversity and enhance protective factors.

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Major Depressive Disorder in Iran: Epidemiology, Health Care Provision, Utilization, and Challenges

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Preexisting depression and COVID-19: a cohort study on the risk of susceptibility and hospitalization

Preexisting depression and COVID-19: a cohort study on the risk of susceptibility and hospitalization

Major depressive disorders and the risk of susceptibility to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization: findings from the Employees’ Health Cohort Study of Iran (EHCSIR)

Facilitators and barriers in the development and implementation of depression prevention and treatment policies in China: a qualitative study

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