Major Incident Patient Evacuation: Full-Scale Field Exercise Feasibility Study

Rehn, Marius; Vigerust, Trond; Andersen, Jan E.; Krüger, Andreas; Lossius, Hans Morten

doi:10.1016/j.amj.2011.01.005

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Simple measures to ensure preparedness such as having dedicated medical equipment stores for major incidents and the value of equipment such as lightweight stretchers for the transport and tracking of injured patients have been recommended [11, 48, 71]. Targeted training can have a significant impact on perceptions of EMS preparedness.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-hospital management of mass casualty civilian shootings: a systematic literature review

2016

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BackgroundMass casualty civilian shootings present an uncommon but recurring challenge to emergency services around the world and produce unique management demands. On the background of a rising threat of transnational terrorism worldwide, emergency response strategies are of critical importance. This study aims to systematically identify, describe and appraise the quality of indexed and non-indexed literature on the pre-hospital management of modern civilian mass shootings to guide future practice.MethodsSystematic literature searches of PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Scopus were conducted in conjunction with simple searches of non-indexed databases; Web of Science, OpenDOAR and Evidence Search. The searches were last carried out on 20 April 2016 and only identified those papers published after the 1 January 1980. Included documents had to contain descriptions, discussions or experiences of the pre-hospital management of civilian mass shootings.ResultsFrom the 494 identified manuscripts, 73 were selected on abstract and title and after full text reading 47 were selected for inclusion in analysis. The search yielded reports of 17 mass shooting events, the majority from the USA with additions from France, Norway, the UK and Kenya. Between 1994 and 2015 the shooting of 1649 people with 578 deaths at 17 separate events are described. Quality appraisal demonstrated considerable heterogeneity in reporting and revealed limited data on mass shootings globally.ConclusionKey themes were identified to improve future practice: tactical emergency medical support may harmonise inner cordon interventions, a need for inter-service education on effective haemorrhage control, the value of senior triage operators and the need for regular mass casualty incident simulation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-hospital management of mass casualty civilian shootings: a systematic literature review

2016

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“…The anaesthesiologists and the HEMS paramedics of both OUH-HEMS crews went to the scene via rapid response cars, whereas the pilots shuttled several units of LESS stretcher bags [10] from the HEMS base to the scene by car. Additional personnel from OUH-HEMS were also called in and participated in the on-scene work.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The LESS stretchers [10] were probably the most useful rescue equipment. At both casualty-clearing stations in the Utøya island incident, LESS stretchers were laid out in the patient arrival/triage zone and stayed with the patients throughout the evacuation, as intended.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A light emergency stretcher system (LESS), developed in the Optimal Patient Evacuation Norway (OPEN) concept, is available in several EMS and SAR systems in Norway [10]. These stretchers are stored in transport-friendly bags of five and are insulating and radiolucent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These stretchers are stored in transport-friendly bags of five and are insulating and radiolucent. Within the intended function for which they were developed [10], they are intended to follow the patient from first contact to hospital arrival, thus avoiding unnecessary patient manipulation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oslo government district bombing and Utøya island shooting July 22, 2011: The immediate prehospital emergency medical service response

Sollid

Rimstad

Rehn

et al. 2012

Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med

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BackgroundOn July 22, 2011, a single perpetrator killed 77 people in a car bomb attack and a shooting spree incident in Norway. This article describes the emergency medical service (EMS) response elicited by the two incidents.MethodsA retrospective and observational study was conducted based on data from the EMS systems involved and the public domain. The study was approved by the Data Protection Official and was defined as a quality improvement project.ResultsWe describe the timeline and logistics of the EMS response, focusing on alarm, dispatch, initial response, triage and evacuation. The scenes in the Oslo government district and at Utøya island are described separately.ConclusionsMany EMS units were activated and effectively used despite the occurrence of two geographically separate incidents within a short time frame. Important lessons were learned regarding triage and evacuation, patient flow and communication, the use of and need for emergency equipment and the coordination of helicopter EMS.

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