Major ion hydrogeochemistry and health risk of groundwater nitrate in selected rural areas of the Guanzhong Basin, China

Xu, Duoxun; Li, Peiyue; Chen, Xin; Yang, Shengfei; Zhang, Pei; Guo, Fa

doi:10.1080/10807039.2022.2164246

Cited by 27 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…4 . In another study conducted by Zendehbad et al 78 , around 42% of the groundwater wells in the Mashhad region, northeast of Iran, showed nitrate levels above 50 mg/L, which is more than two-times greater than that in our study. However, more elevated nitrate concentrations than the maximum level observed in our study (i.e., 148.8 mg/L in 2010) have been reported in groundwater resources around the world.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Human health risk of nitrate in groundwater of Tehran–Karaj plain, Iran

Alizadeh,

Noori,

Omidvar

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Groundwater pollution by nitrate has is a major concern in the Tehran–Karaj aquifer, Iran, where the wells provide up to 80% of the water supply for a population of more than 18 million—yet detailed human health risks associated with nitrate are unknown due to the lack of accessible data to adequately cover the aquifer in both place and time. Here, using a rich dataset measured annually in more than 75 wells, we mapped the non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate in the aquifer between 2007 and 2018, a window with the most extensive anthropogenic activities in this region. Nitrate concentration varied from ~ 6 to ~ 150 mg/L, around three times greater than the standard level for drinking use, i.e. 50 mg/L. Samples with a non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate, which mainly located in the eastern parts of the study region, threatened children’s health, the most vulnerable age group, in almost all of the years during the study period. Our findings revealed that the number of samples with a positive risk of nitrate for adults decreased in the aquifer from 2007 (17 wells) to 2018 (6 wells). Although we hypothesized that unsustainable agricultural practices, the growing population, and increased industrial activities could have increased the nitrate level in the Tehran-Karaj aquifer, improved sanitation infrastructures helped to prevent the intensification of nitrate pollution in the aquifer during the study period. Our compilation of annually mapped non-carcinogenic risks of nitrate is beneficial for local authorities to understand the high-risk zones in the aquifer and for the formulation of policy actions to protect the human health of people who use groundwater for drinking and other purposes in this densely populated region.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Human health risk of nitrate in groundwater of Tehran–Karaj plain, Iran

Alizadeh,

Noori,

Omidvar

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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“…As per the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a nitrate concentration greater than 10 mg/L is considered harmful to humans. Nitrate is easily soluble in water and forms N-nitroso, which causes cancer in human being and quickly enters through drinking water [115,116]. An excess nitrate concentration will result in blue baby syndrome in newborn babies and gastrointestinal cancer in adults and children [117].…”

Section: Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment

Ravindiran,

Rajamanickam,

Sivarethinamohan

et al. 2023

Water

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Most water systems that support ecosystems and feed humans are depleted or stressed. Aquifer characteristics, topography, subsurface activities, climate, and geochemical processes regulate groundwater availability, a reliable source of fresh water. Globally, agriculture, industries, and the domestic sector are the three major sectors that consume vast quantities of freshwater resources. Further anthropogenic activities, such as soil leaching, acid rain, fertilizer, pesticides, mining, and other industrial activities, resulted in the release of organic and inorganic pollutants that affected global water resources. In India, groundwater is used in huge quantities, resulting in groundwater depletion of 1 to 2 m a year. Low-income countries face many issues related to water pollution, and the availability of safe water is minimal. In 2019, deaths due to unsafe sanitation accounted for 2.2% of the total global deaths, amounting to 1.2 million people’s deaths. India recorded 6.6% of deaths due to unsafe sanitation in 2019. India and China accounted for around 90.41% and 60.4% of the groundwater utilization for agricultural purposes, respectively. In 2020, China and India utilized vast quantities of nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) for crop growth to enhance crop yield, resulting in the highest nitrate and phosphate concentrations in groundwater. Remediating contaminants from different sources requires knowledge of their concentration, behavior, cycling, and degradation pathways. According to safety guidelines, limiting and optimizing crop organic and inorganic fertilizer, pesticide waste disposal, and empty container disposal can reduce groundwater contamination. The present study summarized groundwater utilization in various sectors, potential sources of groundwater contamination impacts on human health and the environment, preventive measures, and mitigation methods to overcome groundwater pollution.

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“…The assessment of health risk involves the multiplication of two factors: hazard and exposure [1,2]. The process of determining health risk comprises four main steps: hazard identification; exposure assessment; concentration determination; and using a mathematical model to evaluate the human health risk (HHR) based on exposure and dose-response evaluations [3]. To accurately predict the adverse effects on human health resulting from various situations, it is essential to have specific information for each pollutant, including a baseline incidence of morbidity or death, as well as concentration-response curves derived from studies on the health effects of the specific pollutant [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review

Babuji,

Thirumalaisamy,

Duraisamy

et al. 2023

Water

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Water resources are crucial in developing any area as they serve as a major source of potable, agricultural, and industrial water. Water contamination, caused by natural and anthropogenic activities, poses a significant threat to public health globally. This review synthesizes data from various studies published in national and international journals, as well as reports from governmental and non-governmental organizations. Our primary objective is to understand and review previous research on water pollution, contamination types, and the effects of water contamination on public health. Water pollution studies generally involve a scientific understanding of the biological, chemical, and physical processes that control the movement of contaminants in the underground environment. The nature and severity of health consequences vary based on several factors, including the chemical composition, duration of exposure, and concentration of pollutants. This work highlights the human health risks associated with current research topics such as anthropogenic, geogenic, microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals. A section on remedial measures and mitigation strategies is included to emphasize sustainable approaches to water conservation, replenishment, and sustainability. However, there is a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding the distribution, toxic effects, and human health risks associated with different sources of contamination. This review thus establishes links between multiple sources of pollution, their toxicity to human health, and approaches to health risk assessment.

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Major ion hydrogeochemistry and health risk of groundwater nitrate in selected rural areas of the Guanzhong Basin, China

Cited by 27 publications

References 105 publications

Human health risk of nitrate in groundwater of Tehran–Karaj plain, Iran

Human health risk of nitrate in groundwater of Tehran–Karaj plain, Iran

A Review of the Status, Effects, Prevention, and Remediation of Groundwater Contamination for Sustainable Environment

Human Health Risks due to Exposure to Water Pollution: A Review

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