Major issues and solutions in the heat-metering reform in China

Liu, Lanbin; Fu, Lin; Jiang, Yi; Guo, Shan

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.009

Cited by 69 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Generally speaking, the coefficient of performance (COP) under electrical resistance heater mode is minimum and around 1 [19,[24][25][26][27][28]. In China, air-conditioners (they can also perform in EHP mode for space heating) installed in the domestic sector for space cooling with mandatory minimum COP values above 3 [33], the authors' proposal seems to guarantee the COP of EHPs for space heating beyond 1 without much auxiliary investment; (3) Based on the emerging infrastructures such as smart grids, remote control on either heating water radiators or EHPs for end users' space heating in domestic sector is enabled [9,10,31,32]. The authors aim to persuade the Chinese policy makers from three aspects that:…”

Section: Proposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact it seems to make sense, because coal has always been the dominant primary fuel in the Chinese power sector [7,8]. Under this condition, heating water is generally treated as an energy carrier for space heating purposes by Chinese policy makers, so that large scale heat-metering and remote control are carried out for energy conservation [9,10]. Because coal-fired cogeneration units have to generate electrical power along with thermal power according to [11,12], practical cogeneration units in Northern China are only allowed by Chinese policy makers to generate electricity in terms of heating water production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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More Wind Power Integration with Adjusted Energy Carriers for Space Heating in Northern China

Long¹,

Xu²,

et al. 2012

Energies

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Abstract:In Northern China, due to the high penetration of coal-fired cogeneration facilities, which are generally equipped with extraction-condensing steam turbines, lots of wind power resources may be wasted during the heating season. In contrast, considerable coal is consumed in the power generation sector. In this article, firstly it is revealed that there exists a serious divergence in the ratio of electrical to thermal energy between end users' demand and the cogenerations' production during off-peak load at night, which may negate active power-balancing of the electric power grid. Secondly, with respect to this divergence only occurring during off-peak load at night, a temporary proposal is given so as to enable the integration of more wind power. The authors suggest that if the energy carrier for part of the end users' space heating is switched from heating water to electricity (e.g., electric heat pumps (EHPs) can provide space heating in the domestic sector), the ratio of electricity to heating water load should be adjusted to optimize the power dispatch between cogeneration units and wind turbines, resulting in fuel conservation. With this proposal, existing infrastructures are made full use of, and no additional ones are required. Finally a numerical simulation is performed in order to illustrate both the technical and economic feasibility of the aforementioned proposal, under ongoing infrastructures as well as electricity and space heating tariff conditions without changing participants' benefits. The authors aim to persuade Chinese policy makers to enable EHPs to provide space heating to enable the integration of more wind power. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2012, 5 3280

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Section: Proposalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More Wind Power Integration with Adjusted Energy Carriers for Space Heating in Northern China

Long¹,

Xu²,

et al. 2012

Energies

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“…Thus with respect to Northern China where there exists high penetration CHP available for space heating purposes, the authors propose that the impact of variability of wind power may be equivalently reduced by controlling the energy carriers used for space heating service during winter, which has seldom been realized by researchers. Thus the authors' proposal appears innovative, in contrast to the past work in which heating water is treated and controlled as the sole energy carrier in Northern China [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Incorporating the Variability of Wind Power with Electric Heat Pumps

Long¹,

Xu²,

He³

2011

Energies

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Abstract:With the mass introduction of wind power in Northern China, wind power variability has appeared. In this article, both existing electric heat pumps (EHPs) and coal-fired combined heat and power (CHP) facilities, which are generally equipped with extraction-condensing steam turbines coupled with district heating for space heating purposes, are proposed to incorporate the variability of wind power equivalently. The authors' proposal arises from the facts that: (1) EHPs can provide space heating in the domestic sector with little thermal comfort change (e.g., energy carriers for space heating purposes can be switched from heating water to electricity); (2) coal-fired CHP units in Northern China can usually generate more electrical power corresponding to a shaved thermal power production. Thus, it is suggested that heating water from CHP units be shaved when the wind generation is low due to the variability of wind power, so as to enable more electrical power production and compensate for the corresponding insufficient wind generation. Following this, in the future and for some space heating loads at appropriate distances, electricity used as energy carrier should be converted by electric heat pumps for space heating. Thus, more electricity consumption will be achieved so as to avoid wasting wind power when the wind generation it is high. A numerical simulation is performed in order to illustrate the authors' proposal. It is shown that the impact of variability of wind generation can be equivalently reduced to a great extent, which enable more wind power integration instead of curtailment and potential energy conservation. OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2011, 4 1749 Moreover, in contrast to before, both the thermal and electrical power of coal-fired CHP units are no longer constants. In addition, the ratio of electrical to thermal power of CHP units is no longer constant either, and results in less energy consumption compared with fixed ratio. Finally, electricity consumed by end users' EHPs, which are devoted to space heating for various spatial distances and time points, is figured out.

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“…Other causes of location-dependent divergence from average space heating demand such as increased heat loss through higher wind velocities in flats on higher levels (Kenworthy, 1978) or local deficiencies of the building envelope (Liu et al, 2011) could not be analysed due to lack of data. (occupant A)…”

Section: Heat Meter Introduction In the Light Of Physical Building Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The influence of occupant behaviour on heat consumption is also mediated by the physical building properties, especially by the design and the functionality of heating controls. In their paper on issues with heat metering in China, Liu, Fu, Jiang, and Guo (2011) point out that poor temperature control in flats due to lack, dysfunction or poor design of control devices can make heat metering unfeasible.…”

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confidence: 99%

Heat metering: socio-technical challenges in district-heated social housing

Morgenstern

Lowe

Chiu

2014

Building Research & Information

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Individual heat metering and charging (IMC) are seen as promising methods to reduce domestic heating and hot water use through the provision of financial incentives. The heat consumption measured by meters is influenced by both the dwelling characteristics and the behaviour of the occupant, but heating charges would ideally relate to occupant behaviour only. This dilemma can be especially relevant under two circumstances: if the thermal performance of the dwelling is poor and/or if heating costs represent a substantial part of the occupants' income, i.e. in social housing. The case of a district-heated council block in London is presented where the installation of individual heat meters was planned in 2010 but had to be suspended due to concerns about implications for occupant heating costs in light of the thermal performance of the building. It illustrates a technically and socially complex environment where fairness in allocating heating costs is an important concern. The case also shows how lack of funding or other issues on the infrastructure side can hinder behaviour-orientated measures such as IMC. A holistic energy conservation strategy addressing both physical building properties and occupant behaviour is therefore essential and should be supported by policy.

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Major issues and solutions in the heat-metering reform in China

Cited by 69 publications

References 7 publications

More Wind Power Integration with Adjusted Energy Carriers for Space Heating in Northern China

More Wind Power Integration with Adjusted Energy Carriers for Space Heating in Northern China

Incorporating the Variability of Wind Power with Electric Heat Pumps

Heat metering: socio-technical challenges in district-heated social housing

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