Major Phytoplasma Diseases of Forest and Urban Trees

Marcone, Carmine; Franco-Lara, Liliana; Toševski, Ivo

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-0119-3_10

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In the study area, 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pini' has been identified as the major forest pest on this species by excluding other potential causes of biotic or abiotic stresses. In general, Pinus stands affected by phytoplasma exhibit specific foliar symptoms-such as an increased proportion of defoliated trees and lower photosynthetic efficiency-and tree mortality before a more abrupt collapse [44]. Our field observations agreed with other studies that have found severe defoliation and related mortality of pine-dominated forests in response to this pest in European temperate zones [45].…”

Section: Temporal Trends Of Remotely Sensed Datasupporting

confidence: 90%

Analysis of Site-dependent Pinus halepensis Mill. Defoliation Caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ through Shape Selection in Landsat Time Series

Trujillo-Toro

Navarro-Cerrillo

2019

Remote Sensing

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High levels of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ have produced extensive forest mortality on Pinus halepensis Mill forests in eastern Spain. This has led to the widespread levels of forest mortality. We used archival Landsat imagery and shapes algorithm implemented in the Google Earth Engine to explore the potential of the LandTrendr algorithm and its outputs, together with field observations, to analyze and predict the health status in P. halepensis stands affected by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ in Andalusia (south-eastern Spain). We found that the Landsat time series algorithm (LandTrendr) has captured both long- and short-duration trends and changes in spectral reflectance related to phytoplasma disturbance in the Aleppo pine forest stands investigated. The normalized burn ratio (NBR) trends were positively associated with environmental variables: Annual precipitation, mean temperature, soil depth, percent base saturation and aspect. Environmental variables were tested for their contributions to the mapping of changes in Aleppo pine cover in the study area, as an empirical modeling approach to disturbance mapping in forests of south-eastern Spain. The methodology outlined in this paper has produced valuable results that indicate new possibilities for the use in forest management of remote-sensing technologies based on spectral trajectories associated with pest-diseases defoliation. Given the likely increase in pest risks in the forests of southern Europe, accurate assessment and map of pest outbreaks on forests will become increasingly important, both for research and for practical applications in forest management.

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Section: Temporal Trends Of Remotely Sensed Datasupporting

confidence: 90%

Analysis of Site-dependent Pinus halepensis Mill. Defoliation Caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ through Shape Selection in Landsat Time Series

Trujillo-Toro

Navarro-Cerrillo

2019

Remote Sensing

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“…(Euphorbiaceae), Q . humboldtii (Fagaceae) and Salix humboldtiana (Salicaceae) (Marcone et al, 2018; Perilla & Franco‐Lara, 2012, 2013; L. Franco‐Lara, Unpublished results). These two phytoplasma have also been detected in 10 weed species, including the grass Cenchrus clandestinus (Poaceae) (Unpublished results), potato Solanum tuberosum and Solanum phureja , and strawberry Fragaria x ananassa near Bogotá (Franco‐Lara, 2019; Perilla & Franco‐Lara, 2012; Varela‐Correa & Franco‐Lara, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At that time, all F. uhdei trees examined showed symptoms suggestive of phytoplasma infections and molecular techniques revealed the presence of 'Candidatus P. fraxini' (16SrVII group) in affected plants (Filgueira et al, 2004(Filgueira et al, , 2018. Further work indicated that the infected F. uhdei trees were a source of inoculum for phytoplasma dispersal to other native and introduced ornamental plant species in the area (Franco-Lara & Perilla, 2014;Marcone et al, 2018). Later, it was that found that in addition to 'Ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological characterization of a disease associated with phytoplasmas in Andean oak, Quercus humboldtii Bonpland, in Bogotá—Colombia

2022

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Quercus humboldtii is the dominant tree species in oak forest ecosystems in the Colombian Andes, and approximately 15,000 trees have been planted in urban Bogotá. In Bogotá, Q. humboldtii is affected by phytoplasmas. The management of phytoplasmas relies mainly on control of the insect vectors. The aim of this work was to generate information on phytoplasmas affecting Q. humboldtii and the potential insect vectors involved. Phytoplasmas were detected by nested PCR and identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene in 238 randomly selected urban trees, from 17 city zones. The prevalence of the disease was 80%, with phytoplasmas detected in 94% of trees. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’ was found in 54.6%, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ in 30.7% and mixed infections of both phytoplasmas in 8.8% of the trees. Phytoplasmas were observed in the phloem of infected trees by electron microscopy. ‘Ca. P. fraxini’ was more common than ‘Ca. P. asteris’ in both street and parks trees, but correlations between the phytoplasma and disease‐associated variables were not observed. The entomofauna of a subsample of 102 of these trees was examined. Representative specimens of seven orders were collected, with Hemiptera the most prevalent. Specimens of 17 Cicadellidae, one Membracidae and one Psyllidae species were collected. Cicadellidae species from subfamilies Aphrodinae, Deltocephalinae, Iassinae, Eurymelinae, Megophthalminae and Typhlocybinae were found, in which phytoplasma vectors have been reported previously. Specimens of two known Cicadellidae vector species were collected: Amplicephalus funzaensis (Deltochephalinae) and Exitianus atratus (Deltochephalinae). Phytoplasmas were assessed in 103 Cicadellidae specimens. ‘Candidatus P. asteris’ was detected in A. funzaensis (n = 3/16 tested), E. atratus (n = 2/10 tested) and Alebrini sp. 1 (n = 1/11) tested). The possible epidemiological implications of these findings are discussed.

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“…There are several pests and microbial pathogens associated with Alder. For example, Alder yellows phytoplasma disease (caused by a phytoplasma bacterial parasite) has been identified within numerous European countries, which causes stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, reduction of leave size and amount, as well as dieback and/or death [ 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ]. The Ascomycota fungus, Taphrina alni , is a causal agent of Alder tongue galls on female catkins and has been identified throughout Europe.…”

Section: Microbial Pathogens Of Alder Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Good, the Bad, and the Useable Microbes within the Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa) Microbiome—Potential Bio-Agents to Combat Alder Dieback

Fuller,

Germaine,

Rathore

2023

Microorganisms

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Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) is a tree species native to Ireland and Europe with high economic and ecological importance. The presence of Alder has many benefits including the ability to adapt to multiple climate types, as well as aiding in ecosystem restoration due to its colonization capabilities within disturbed soils. However, Alder is susceptible to infection of the root rot pathogen Phytophthora alni, amongst other pathogens associated with this tree species. P. alni has become an issue within the forestry sector as it continues to spread across Europe, infecting Alder plantations, thus affecting their growth and survival and altering ecosystem dynamics. Beneficial microbiota and biocontrol agents play a crucial role in maintaining the health and resilience of plants. Studies have shown that beneficial microbes promote plant growth as well as aid in the protection against pathogens and abiotic stress. Understanding the interactions between A. glutinosa and its microbiota, both beneficial and pathogenic, is essential for developing integrated management strategies to mitigate the impact of P. alni and maintain the health of Alder trees. This review is focused on collating the relevant literature associated with Alder, current threats to the species, what is known about its microbial composition, and Common Alder–microbe interactions that have been observed worldwide to date. It also summarizes the beneficial fungi, bacteria, and biocontrol agents, underpinning genetic mechanisms and secondary metabolites identified within the forestry sector in relation to the Alder tree species. In addition, biocontrol mechanisms and microbiome-assisted breeding as well as gaps within research that require further attention are discussed.

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Major Phytoplasma Diseases of Forest and Urban Trees

Cited by 11 publications

References 89 publications

Analysis of Site-dependent Pinus halepensis Mill. Defoliation Caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ through Shape Selection in Landsat Time Series

Analysis of Site-dependent Pinus halepensis Mill. Defoliation Caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pini’ through Shape Selection in Landsat Time Series

Epidemiological characterization of a disease associated with phytoplasmas in Andean oak, Quercus humboldtii Bonpland, in Bogotá—Colombia

The Good, the Bad, and the Useable Microbes within the Common Alder (Alnus glutinosa) Microbiome—Potential Bio-Agents to Combat Alder Dieback

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