Making anatomic terminology of the prostate and contiguous structures clinically useful: Historical review and suggestions for revision in the 21st Century

Myers, Robert P.; Cheville, John C.; Pawlina, Wojciech

doi:10.1002/ca.20895

Cited by 30 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In addition, exons I.1, I.7, and I.f were also expressed and might explain the relatively higher expression in mouse seminal vesicles as compared with humans. Interestingly, the most proximal parts (ducts) of seminal vesicles reside in the posterior part of prostate gland, between the transition and peripheral zones (43), and it is, thus, possible that the estrogens secreted by the seminal vesicle epithelium also influence the hormonal milieu of the prostate. Thus, the aberrant regulation of P450arom expression in the seminal vesicles might contribute to the development of prostatic diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seminal vesicles and urinary bladder as sites of aromatization of androgens in men, evidenced by a CYP19A1‐driven luciferase reporter mouse and human tissue specimens

Strauss¹,

Rantakari²,

Sjögren

et al. 2012

FASEB j.

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The human CYP19A1 gene is expressed in various tissues by the use of tissue-specific promoters, whereas the rodent cyp19a1 gene is expressed mainly in the gonads and brain. We generated a transgenic mouse model containing a >100-kb 5' region of human CYP19A1 gene connected to a luciferase reporter gene. The luciferase activity in mouse tissues mimicked the CYP19A1 gene expression pattern in humans. Interestingly, the reporter gene activity was 16 and 160 times higher in the urinary bladder and seminal vesicles, respectively, as compared with the activity in the testis. Accordingly, CYP19A1 gene and P450arom protein expression was detected in those human tissues. Moreover, the data revealed that the expression of CYP19A1 gene is driven by promoters PII, I.4, and I.3 in the seminal vesicles, and by promoters PII and I.4 in the urinary bladder. Furthermore, the reporter gene expression in the seminal vesicles was androgen dependent: Castration decreased the expression ∼20 times, and testosterone treatment restored it to the level of an intact mouse. This reporter mouse model facilitates studies of tissue-specific regulation of the human CYP19A1 gene, and our data provide evidence for seminal vesicles as important sites for estrogen production in males.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seminal vesicles and urinary bladder as sites of aromatization of androgens in men, evidenced by a CYP19A1‐driven luciferase reporter mouse and human tissue specimens

Strauss¹,

Rantakari²,

Sjögren

et al. 2012

FASEB j.

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show abstract

“…Therefore, knowledge of these anatomic structures is essential to choosing the best anaesthesia technique [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] (table 1).…”

Section: Anatomic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaesthesia in Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: Which Is the Most Effective Technique?

et al. 2011

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Background: Prostate biopsy (PBx) techniques have changed significantly since the original Hodge’s scheme, with an increase in the number and location of cores. These improvements have been realized in part because of the introduction of different local anaesthesia techniques. We critically analysed the literature discussing the role of anaesthesia techniques for use during PBx to find which technique provides the best pain relief for the patient and safety for the urologist. Methods: We performed a literature review by searching the Medline database for articles published between January 2000 and March 2010. Electronic searches were limited to the keywords ‘transrectal prostate biopsy’ and ‘anaesthesia’. Results: Pain and discomfort perceived during PBx are the result of different anatomic factors: the introduction to and movement of the transrectal ultrasound probe in the rectum and the needle piercing the rectum and the prostate capsule. The anaesthesia techniques currently available can be divided into two groups: local (i.e. intrarectal lubricant agents, periprostatic nerve blocks, caudal blocks, pudendal nerve blocks, and their different combinations) and systemic (i.e. oral/intravenous drug administration and sedoanalgesia). Conclusions: The most effective anaesthesia technique for transrectal PBx performed in outpatient settings is the periprostatic nerve blocks with 1 or 2% lidocaine 10 ml, which is associated with intrarectal lubricant agents, especially in younger people. Nevertheless, the current choice of the anaesthesia technique still depends both on patient characteristics (age, prostate size, number and location of cores, anxious personality, need for re-biopsy) and, above all, the urologist’s experience and habits.

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“…The urethral sphincter complex comprises three layers: the rhabdosphincter, circular smooth muscles and longitudinal smooth muscles . These three layers can be clearly recognized with high magnification (Fig.…”

Section: Apex Of the Prostatementioning

confidence: 97%

Progress in pelvic anatomy from the viewpoint of radical prostatectomy

2012

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Abbreviations & AcronymsAbstract: The procedure of radical prostatectomy has changed rapidly since the introduction of laparoscopic and robotic surgery, which allows for clear, highly magnified visualization. The da Vinci surgical system enables three-dimensional visualization and makes use of instruments with seven degrees of freedom. Since its introduction, the use of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy has spread rapidly worldwide. However, adaptation to changes in surgical techniques using knowledge of classical pelvic anatomy has been difficult. In this report, we reviewed the progress in knowledge of pelvic anatomy, particularly regarding the cavernous nerves, prostatic fascia, Denonvilliers' fascia, endopelvic fascia, bladder neck and apex of the prostate, with regard to radical prostatectomy.

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Making anatomic terminology of the prostate and contiguous structures clinically useful: Historical review and suggestions for revision in the 21st Century

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Seminal vesicles and urinary bladder as sites of aromatization of androgens in men, evidenced by a CYP19A1‐driven luciferase reporter mouse and human tissue specimens

Seminal vesicles and urinary bladder as sites of aromatization of androgens in men, evidenced by a CYP19A1‐driven luciferase reporter mouse and human tissue specimens

Anaesthesia in Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: Which Is the Most Effective Technique?

Progress in pelvic anatomy from the viewpoint of radical prostatectomy

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