Making environmental law for the market: the emergence, character, and implications of Chile's environmental regime

Tecklin, David; Bauer, Carl J.; Prieto, Manuel

doi:10.1080/09644016.2011.617172

Cited by 115 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An unregulated economy and weak state regulation gave high priority to market forces, free trade and privatisation, and had undesirable environmental and social consequences (Liverman & Vilas 2006;Silva 1996). Social inequities appeared, and environmental problems such as air pollution, soil erosion and deforestation rapidly developed (Beghin et al 2002;Carruthers 2001;Claude 1997;Stedman-Edwards 1997;Tecklin et al 2011). Bauer (2009), for example, argues that Chile can be considered a world leader in implementing neoliberal policies in the water and hydropower sector, however, Bauer stresses that water property rights given to the owners of hydropower dams undermined the sustainability and governance of water resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and energy policy in Chile: Up in smoke?

Mundaca

2013

Energy Policy

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This paper provides an ex-post assessment of the climate and energy policy developments in Chile emerging from a neoliberal economic model, during the period 1971-2007. First, correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyse historical CO 2 emissions as a product of demographic, economic and energy-wide drivers. Then I estimate indicators related to CO 2 emissions, energy use and economic activity. In the light of empirical results, I identify policy instruments and structural issues. Finally, I present a comparative analysis of Chile and other Latin American countries. Statistical tests show that variability of CO 2 emissions is explained mostly by GDP per capita ('affluence') than any other tested variable. Indicators show that the diversification and decarbonisation of the energy mix has been a major policy challenge. With two notable exceptions (hydro and natural gas), the CO 2 intensity of the energy supply mix suggests no effective policies, while energy security crises triggered negative carbon effects and increased prices. No clear policies to promote energy efficiency can be identified until 2005. Explicit policy instruments to promote renewable energy are only recognized after 2004. The results strongly suggest that Chile lacked of policies to effectively decarbonise its energy-economy system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and energy policy in Chile: Up in smoke?

Mundaca

2013

Energy Policy

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“…In this context, Latin American countries faced increasing pressure from internal and external forces to adopt higher environmental protection standards. However, environmental policy making in most of the region has been constrained by institutional and political arrangements and, in practice, environmental legislation has only progressed when the internal demand has been strongly allied with global forces [21]. As other countries in the region, Chile faced a serious challenge in terms of environmental stewardship under conditions of rapidly increasing investment in natural resource industries.…”

Section: The Legal and Regulatory Framework For Environmental Evaluatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of Energy Mega-Projects in Chile: A Critical Review from Sustainability Perspectives

2017

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A number of successive energy crises over the last decade due to the lack of a balanced investment planning in the energy sector in Chile has led to a strong dependence on external sources and also doubled energy prices in the country, thus posing a significant challenge to the local economy. With the purpose of reaching long-term goals while simultaneously addressing short-term urgencies, Chile seeks to build a consistent and integrated energy policy in order to attract investment in the sector. Despite an overall attractive investment climate and encouraging market conditions in the country, the energy sector has been adversely affected, in particular, by the communities' opposition to mega-projects based on their expected environmental and social impacts. The study highlights recent experiences of energy generation mega-projects in terms of addressing aspects of sustainability. Based on these experiences, it discusses underdeveloped role of environmental evaluations and the main regulatory challenges ahead, recommending then public policies to effectively address these challenges.

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“…As result of these reforms, universities, research institutions like INIA, and policymaking agencies had no formal communication channels for the transference of knowledge or technology (Venezian 1993). This process of institutional dis-assemblage also affected work on other environmental issues (Barandiaran 2015;Carruthers 2001;Tecklin et al 2011).…”

Section: Agricultural Sciences and Policies In Chile After 1973mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen, science, and environmental change: the politics of the Green Revolution in Chile and the global nitrogen challenge

Martín

2017

Journal of Political Ecology

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The widespread use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers during the second half of the 20 th century radically transformed agricultural production and ecosystems on a global scale. Although the "N challenge" or the "N problem" has had limited public attention compared to biodiversity loss and climate change, scientists consider N pollution a leading ecological concern for the 21 st century. Accordingly, a major challenge for scientists and policymakers around the world today is how to meet food production demands while also protecting the environment. Using Chile as a case study-one of the highest consumers of N fertilizer per hectare in the Americas-this article examines the transnational politics of production and destruction in this process of agricultural modernization. In the Cold War context, a transnational network of scientists, agencies, and authorities created an institutional framework for the transference of knowledge and technology in Chile during the 1960s. Paradoxically, as local and global reliance on N fertilizers increased, scientists were able to generate a narrative about the negative environmental effects of intensive N use and highlight the ecological limits of the Green Revolution. After 1973, however, this knowledge network suffered as a result of the Chilean government's anti-communist crackdown and adoption of market-based agricultural policies. Understanding this history of how politics shaped N consumption, science, and policy is critical to current efforts to create new of agricultural production on a regional and global scale. Keywords: nitrogen, fertilizers, the Green Revolution, Cold War, Chile, science, environment, policy, Global Nitrogen Challenge, agriculture, United States Résumé L'utilisation généralisée des engrais azotés (N) durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle a transformé radicalement la production agricole et les écosystèmes à l'échelle mondiale. Les scientifiques considèrent la pollution N comme une préoccupation écologique majeure pour le 21ème siècle. Mais le "défi N" ou le "problème N" a eu une attention limitée du public par rapport à la perte de biodiversité et au changement climatique,. En conséquence, un défi majeur pour les scientifiques et les décideurs du monde entier aujourd'hui est de répondre aux demandes de production alimentaire tout en protégeant l'environnement. En utilisant le Chili comme étude de cas -l'un des plus grands consommateurs d'engrais N par hectare dans les Amériques -cet article examine la politique transnationale de production et de destruction dans ce processus de modernisation agricole. Dans le contexte de la Guerre froide, un réseau transnational de scientifiques, d'agences et de autorités a créé un cadre institutionnel pour le transfert de connaissances et de technologie au Chili au cours des années 1960. Paradoxalement, à mesure que la dépendance locale et mondiale sur les engrais N augmentait, les scientifiques pouvaient générer un récit sur les effets environnementaux négatifs de l'utilisation intensive de N et mettre en évidence ...

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Making environmental law for the market: the emergence, character, and implications of Chile's environmental regime

Cited by 115 publications

References 16 publications

Climate change and energy policy in Chile: Up in smoke?

Climate change and energy policy in Chile: Up in smoke?

Failure of Energy Mega-Projects in Chile: A Critical Review from Sustainability Perspectives

Nitrogen, science, and environmental change: the politics of the Green Revolution in Chile and the global nitrogen challenge

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