Making (mixed-)race: census politics and the emergence of multiracial multiculturalism in the United States, Great Britain and Canada

Thompson, Debra

doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.556194

Cited by 35 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Recent census data show that those who identify themselves as multiracial are among the fastest growing groups in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. 25 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy in Brazil: Challenges From a Multiracial Society

Filho

Beltrán‐Sánchez²,

Kawachi³

2014

Am J Public Health

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The idea of a "Brazilian racial democracy" first gained traction during the early 20th century and quickly spread thereafter.1 Racial democracy came to signify intense race mixing, in which the blurring of race-group boundaries would foreshadow the creation of a postracial individual, free from discrimination. It is ironic that the ideology of living in a "race-free" society has held back scientific inquiry into the existence of racial/ethnic disparities in Brazil for several decades. 2This history of not openly talking about race in Brazil is well exemplified by the 2010 Census, which was the first ever to include a question about race in the national survey applied to every resident.3 (Before 2010 all data about race were based on samples.) The results showed a country divided between Whites and non-Whites, with 47.73% Whites, 7.61% Blacks, 43.13% mixed races (pardos), 1.09% Asians, and 0.43% indigenous. The census also revealed the depth of socioeconomic racial inequalities in Brazil. 4 Whites earn an average monthly income that is 84.50% higher than Blacks' (R$ 1535.47 vs R$ 832.25) and 81.96% higher than mixed races' (R$ 843.87).Results from a 2008 nationally representative, probability-based, multistage survey of Brazilian households had previously indicated that Whites also have higher education levels and report better self-rated health than Blacks and mixed races. 5 Whites were significantly more likely to have 8 years or more of formal education (51.68% vs 41.64% and 36.75%, respectively), and less likely to have no education (11.82% vs 16.40% and 18.41%, respectively). These socioeconomic disparities by race in Brazil compare unfavorably with those in the United States, a country that shares a history of slavery, but unlike Brazil went through an additionally extended period of overt racial segregation (Jim Crow laws) that persisted well into the second half of the 20th century. This association between Black (or mixed) racial status and having both lower income and education, along with high crime rates in the communities in which they live, has had an important effect in perpetuating racial prejudice in Brazil. 7 Studies have found that when asked to identify the race of other people, respondents display a tendency to "Whiten" the other person's race, a bias known as "interviewer Whitening." 8 This is considered to be a way to avoid offending the other person. 9Analyzing race and mortality in Brazil has been long problematic for 2 reasons: first, as already mentioned, no complete data existed for population distribution by race; second, the quality of mortality data was considered to be unsatisfactory. As recently as 2000, it was estimated that only 85.4% of deaths were reported to authorities, and by 2010 the proportion had increased to 92.3%, a level of coverage similar to most developed countries. 10The objective of the present study was to use the recently released 2010 Census data to compare life expectancy at birth in Brazil for Whites, Blacks, and mixed races. We then aimed to decompose the l...

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“…Recent census data show that those who identify themselves as multiracial are among the fastest growing groups in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. 25 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy in Brazil: Challenges From a Multiracial Society

Filho

Beltrán‐Sánchez²,

Kawachi³

2014

Am J Public Health

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“…After the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in favor of interracial marriage in the 1967 Loving v. Virginia case, and after the U.S. Census moved to self-administered surveys, and therefore self-identification in terms of race, a multiracial status gained more social acceptance. Now, because of the social movements of the 1980s and 1990s that pushed the government and society to recognize a multiracial status as a civil and democratic right, and because of the U.S. Census's change in 2000 that allowed people to check as many racial categories with which they identify (Thompson 2012), the number and prestige of people claiming a multiracial identity has increased significantly (Lee and Bean 2004). Currently, multiracial individuals are afforded more legal and social rewards than they were in the past.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Later in the twentieth century, especially after World War II, scholars argue that the U.S. racial order moved to a ternary system, with whites at the top, honorary whites and mixed-race individuals in the middle, and a collectively of blacks at the bottom (Bonilla-Silva 2004). One reason for this change was because government organizations, particularly the U.S. Census, began to abandon biological racialism, such as the one-drop rule (Thompson 2012). After the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in favor of interracial marriage in the 1967 Loving v. Virginia case, and after the U.S. Census moved to self-administered surveys, and therefore self-identification in terms of race, a multiracial status gained more social acceptance.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whites’ Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy: Are Multiracial Individuals a Source of Group Threat or Intergroup Contact?

Berg

2014

Sociological Focus

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“…Findings of this study will have implications for social and educational policy and practice in the USA and other nations such as Great Britain and Canada (Thompson, ). These countries have seen substantial growth in their multiracial populations in the last decade.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Black‐White Biracial Children's Social Development from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade: Links with Racial Identification, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status

Csizmadia¹,

Ispa

2013

Social Development

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In this study, we investigated trajectories of Black-White biracial children's social development during middle childhood, their associations with parents' racial identification of children, and the moderating effects of child gender and family socioeconomic status (SES). The study utilized data from parent and teacher reports on 293 US Black-White biracial children enrolled in the Early Childhood Longitudinal StudyKindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K). Growth curve models suggested increasing trajectories of teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors between kindergarten and fifth grade. Parents' racial identification of children predicted child externalizing behavior trajectories such that teachers rated biracially identified children's externalizing behaviors lower relative to those of Black-and White-identified children.Additionally, for White-identified biracial children, the effect of family SES on internalizing behavior trajectories was especially pronounced.These findings suggest that in the USA, how parents racially identify their Black-White biracial children early on has important implications for children's problem behaviors throughout the elementary school years.

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Making (mixed-)race: census politics and the emergence of multiracial multiculturalism in the United States, Great Britain and Canada

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy in Brazil: Challenges From a Multiracial Society

Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy in Brazil: Challenges From a Multiracial Society

Whites’ Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy: Are Multiracial Individuals a Source of Group Threat or Intergroup Contact?

Black‐White Biracial Children's Social Development from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade: Links with Racial Identification, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status

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