Making Strong Fibers

Chae, Han Gi; Kumar, Satish

doi:10.1126/science.1153911

Cited by 283 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…[5][6][7] This technique allows the gel fiber to be drawn to high extensions resulting in fewer chain entanglements and high degree of chain alignment, which is necessary for producing high-performance fibers. [8] For PVA fiber, full extension of the chain is hindered by the steric hindrances to chain slippage caused by the presence of the ÀOH groups as well as intra-and inter-chain hydrogen bonding. [9] Therefore, PVA fibers have been drawn near or even above its melting temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Crystallization in Gel‐Spun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers

Minus¹,

Chae²,

Kumar³

2009

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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112

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PVA and PVA/SWNT fibers (PVA = poly(vinyl alcohol), SWNT = single‐walled nanotubes) were processed by gel spinning. At 1 wt.‐% SWNT loading, tensile strength increased from 1.6 GPa for the control PVA to 2.6 GPa for PVA/SWNT composite. Analysis of this data suggests stress of up to ≈116 GPa on the SWNT in the composite fiber. This confirms excellent reinforcement and load transfer of SWNT in the PVA matrix. Tensile modulus of the fiber is also increased from 47 GPa for the control to 70 GPa for the composite. Interfacial studies using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal extended‐chain crystal growth of PVA at the PVA–SWNT interface. High SWNT alignment in the fiber is revealed, where the polarized Raman G‐band ratio $\left( {{{I_{0^ \circ }^{{\rm VV}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{I_{0^ \circ }^{{\rm VV}} } {I_{90^ \circ }^{{\rm VV}} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {I_{90^ \circ }^{{\rm VV}} }}} \right)$ is as high as 106. Composite fiber shrinkage in water is reduced by ∼70% when compared to the control PVA fibers.magnified image

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Crystallization in Gel‐Spun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers

Minus¹,

Chae²,

Kumar³

2009

Macro Chemistry & Physics

Self Cite

112

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“…It has been proposed for years that if we build composites based on continuous and perfectly aligned macroscale CNTs ( Figure 1B), the load will be continuously carried by strong CNTs even under moderate interface strength. 17 Vertically aligned CNT arrays are mainly closed to such reinforcing structure. But their millimeter-scale lengths disenable them from bearing tensile load, 18 and there seems to be little chance that we can obtain CNT arrays with lengths of tens of centimeters in the near future.…”

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confidence: 99%

High-Strength Composite Fibers: Realizing True Potential of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix through Continuous Reticulate Architecture and Molecular Level Couplings

et al. 2009

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Carbon nanotubes have unprecedented mechanical properties as defect-free nanoscale building blocks, but their potential has not been fully realized in composite materials due to weakness at the interfaces. Here we demonstrate that through load-transfer-favored three-dimensional architecture and molecular level couplings with polymer chains, true potential of CNTs can be realized in composites as initially envisioned. Composite fibers with reticulate nanotube architectures show order of magnitude improvement in strength compared to randomly dispersed short CNT reinforced composites reported before. The molecular level couplings between nanotubes and polymer chains results in drastic differences in the properties of thermoset and thermoplastic composite fibers, which indicate that conventional macroscopic composite theory fails to explain the overall hybrid behavior at nanoscale.To build composites with superior strength and flawtolerance, nanoscale reinforcements have natural advantages than their micrometer-sized counterparts because of their paucity of structural defects and high aspect ratio.1 However, a huge challenge still lies in the manufacturing of a highperformance nanocomposite because of the agglomeration tendency of the nanometer-sized fillers and poor load transfer efficiency between the matrix and reinforcements. A good example is carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced composites. Although individual CNTs have Young's modulus of 1 TPa and strength over 60 GPa, 2,3 to date CNT reinforced polymer composites fabricated by mixing polymers and nanotubes have shown only moderate enhancement in modulus and even more limited improvements in strength. 4 Even in the cases where CNTs are optimally dispersed at high volume fraction, their moduli and strengths are at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than what was theoretically predicted by composite theory. [5][6][7] Essentially, the mechanical performance of CNT reinforced composites relies on the load-bearing status of the CNTs in the matrix. However, two inherent problems of CNTs shadow their promise as efficient load-bearers. One is their waviness. A multiwalled carbon nanotube with a diameter of 10 nm is 10 12 times easier to be bent than a

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“…H ighly concentrated colloidal suspensions of nanocarbon (NC) materials are of great interest for a variety of applications, ranging from flexible electronics and flexible conducting fibres to electrochemical electrodes for energyharvesting or storage devices [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] . Direct printing technologies using printable NC-conducting pastes with high conductivity and flexibility can be expected to show promise in the development of emerging flexible electronics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dispersant-free conducting pastes for flexible and printed nanocarbon electrodes

et al. 2013

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The dispersant-free fabrication of highly conducting pastes based on organic solvents with nanocarbon materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets has been hindered by severe agglomeration. Here we report a straightforward method for fabricating nanocarbon suspensions with 410% weight concentrations in absence of organic dispersants. The method involves introducing supramolecular quadruple hydrogen-bonding motifs into the nanocarbon materials without sacrificing the electrical conductivity. Printed films of these materials show high electrical conductivity of B500,000 S m À 1 by hybridization with 5 vol% silver nanowires. In addition, the printed nanocarbon electrodes provide high-performance alternatives to the platinum catalytic electrodes commonly used in dye-sensitized solar cells and electrochemical electrodes in supercapacitors. The judicious use of supramolecular interactions allows fabrication of printable, spinnable and chemically compatible conducting pastes with high-quality nanocarbon materials, useful in flexible electronics and textile electronics.

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Making Strong Fibers

Cited by 283 publications

References 15 publications

Interfacial Crystallization in Gel‐Spun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers

Interfacial Crystallization in Gel‐Spun Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite Fibers

High-Strength Composite Fibers: Realizing True Potential of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix through Continuous Reticulate Architecture and Molecular Level Couplings

Dispersant-free conducting pastes for flexible and printed nanocarbon electrodes

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