“…Digital skill research among secondary-school students is measured using self-reports, performance tests or interventions (Erstad et al, 2021;Hatlevik et al, 2021;ITU, 2018;Livingstone et al, 2021). Teacher and student self-reports include surveys and interviews (Bhutoria & Aljabri, 2022;Egeberg et al, 2011;Fütterer et al, 2022;Juuti et al, 2022;Kongsgården & Krumsvik, 2016;Konstantinidou & Scherer, 2022;Kurt & Bensen, 2017;Scolari, 2019;Wasson & Hansen, 2014;Xu & Peng, 2022), whereas trials and interventions tend to be case-based (Amendum et al, 2018;Fütterer et al, 2022;Levine, 2014;Patel et al, 2022;Wu, 2018).…”