Making Waves: Coronavirus detection, presence and persistence in the water environment: State of the art and knowledge needs for public health

Carducci, Annalaura; Federigi, Ileana; Liu, Dasheng; Thompson, J. R.; Verani, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.115907

Cited by 168 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Among environmental surfaces specimens in our study, all positive specimens were collected within 3 days (≤3 days) after diagnosis. It means that without disinfection, the SARS-CoV-2 could survive on environmental surfaces for at least 3 days, and in other studies, the survival time was 0 to 14 days [33][34][35][36], which was consistent with current understanding. Therefore, enhance surfaces cleaning and disinfection were important and essential [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases

Luo

Liú

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the SARS-CoV-2 contamination of environmental surfaces and air in non-health care settings among COVID-19 cases.Methods and findingsWe explored the SARS-CoV-2 contamination of environmental surfaces and air by collecting air and swabbing environmental surfaces among 39 COVID-19 cases in Guangzhou, China. The specimens were tested by RT-PCR testing. The information collected for COVID-19 cases included basic demographic, clinical severity, onset of symptoms, radiological testing, laboratory testing and hospital admission. A total of 641 environmental surfaces and air specimens were collected among 39 COVID-19 cases before disinfection. Among them, 20 specimens (20/641, 3.1%) were tested positive from 9 COVID-19 cases (9/39, 23.1%), with 5 (5/101, 5.0%) positive specimens from 3 asymptomatic cases, 5 (5/220, 2.3%) from 3 mild cases, and 10 (10/374, 2.7%) from 3 moderate cases. All positive specimens were collected within 3 days after diagnosis, and 10 (10/42, 23.8%) were found in toilet (5 on toilet bowl, 4 on sink/faucet/shower, 1 on floor drain), 4 (4/21, 19.0%) in anteroom (2 on water dispenser/cup/bottle, 1 on chair/table, 1 on TV remote), 1 (1/8, 12.5%) in kitchen (1 on dining-table), 1 (1/18, 5.6%) in bedroom (1 on bed/sheet pillow/bedside table), 1 (1/5, 20.0%) in car (1 on steering wheel/seat/handlebar) and 3 (3/20, 21.4%) on door knobs. Air specimens in room (0/10, 0.0%) and car (0/1, 0.0%) were all negative.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 was found on environmental surfaces especially in toilet, and could survive for several days. We provided evidence of potential for SARS-CoV-2 transmission through contamination of environmental surfaces.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases

Luo

Liú

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Among environmental surfaces specimens in our study, all positive specimens were collected within 3 days (�3 days) after diagnosis. It means that without disinfection, the SARS-CoV-2 may survive on environmental surfaces for at least 3 days, and in other studies, the survival time was 0 to 14 days [34][35][36][37], which was consistent with current understanding. Therefore, enhance surfaces cleaning and disinfection were important and essential [20].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Little is known about the SARS-CoV-2 contamination of environmental surfaces and air in non-health care settings among COVID-19 cases. We explored the SARS-CoV-2 contamination of environmental surfaces and air by collecting air and swabbing environmental surfaces among 39 COVID-19 cases in Guangzhou, China. The specimens were tested on RT-PCR. The information collected for COVID-19 cases included basic demographic, clinical severity, symptoms at onset, radiological testing, laboratory testing and hospital admission. A total of 641 environmental surfaces and air specimens were collected among 39 COVID-19 cases before disinfection. Among them, 20 specimens (20/641, 3.1%) were tested positive from 9 COVID-19 cases (9/39, 23.1%), with 5 (5/101, 5.0%) positive specimens from 3 asymptomatic cases, 5 (5/220, 2.3%) from 3 mild cases, and 10 (10/374, 2.7%) from 3 moderate cases. All positive specimens were collected within 3 days after diagnosis, and 10 (10/ 42, 23.8%) were found in toilet (5 on toilet bowl, 4 on sink/faucet/shower, 1 on floor drain), 4 (4/21, 19.0%) in anteroom (2 on water dispenser/cup/bottle, 1 on chair/table, 1 on TV remote), 1 (1/8, 12.5%) in kitchen (1 on dining-table), 1 (1/18, 5.6%) in bedroom (1 on bed/ sheet pillow/bedside table), 1 (1/5, 20.0%) in car (1 on steering wheel/seat/handlebar) and 3 (3/20, 21.4%) on door knobs. Air specimens in room (0/10, 0.0%) and car (0/1, 0.0%) were all negative. SARS-CoV-2 was found on environmental surfaces especially in toilet, and may survive for several days. We provided evidence of potential for SARS-CoV-2 transmission through contamination of environmental surfaces.

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“…The systematic review has been performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines [42], and the relevant research studies have been retrieved, as reported in Figure 1. The goal of the review was to thoroughly understand the plausibility, mechanisms, and evidence of the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from the peer-reviewed literature on human coronaviruses and their viral surrogates (animal coronaviruses and phages), as previously described for water environments [43]. The literature search was conducted on 5 June, 2020 using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science core collection) without time limitations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reviewed literature on human coronaviruses and their viral surrogates (animal coronaviruses and phages), as previously described for water environments [43]. The literature search was conducted on 5 June, 2020 using three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science core collection) without time limitations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covid-19 Airborne Transmission and Its Prevention: Waiting for Evidence or Applying the Precautionary Principle?

2020

Self Cite

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Besides the predominant ways of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (namely, contacts and large droplets) the airborne one is increasingly taken into consideration as a result of latest research findings. Nevertheless, this possibility has been already suggested by previous studies on other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To describe the state of the art of coronaviruses and airborne transmission, a systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. Overall, 64 papers were selected and classified into three main groups: laboratory experiments (12 papers), air monitoring (22) and epidemiological and airflow model studies (30). The airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is suggested by the studies of the three groups, but none has yet obtained complete evidence. The sampling and detection methods have not been validated, therefore monitoring results are affected by a possible underestimation. Then, epidemiological investigations only hypothesize the airborne transmission as a possible explanation for some illness cases, but without estimating its attributable risk. Nevertheless, while waiting for more evidence, it is urgent to base advice on preventive measures, such as the use of masks, safe distancing and air ventilation, on the precautionary principle.

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Making Waves: Coronavirus detection, presence and persistence in the water environment: State of the art and knowledge needs for public health

Cited by 168 publications

References 44 publications

Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases

Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases

Air and surface contamination in non-health care settings among 641 environmental specimens of 39 COVID-19 cases

Covid-19 Airborne Transmission and Its Prevention: Waiting for Evidence or Applying the Precautionary Principle?

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