Makirina bay peloid (N Dalmatia, Republic of Croatia) – its potential use in balneotherapy

Abstract

Klju~ne besede: peloid, zaliv Makirina, potencialno toksi~ni elementi (PTE), bento{ka alga Codium bursa, faktor prenosa (TF) Key words: peloid, Makirina bay, potentially toxic elements (PTE), benthic algae Codium bursa, transfer factor (TF) Izvle~ekRecentne morske sedimente iz zaliva Makirina lahko glede na njihove organolepti~ne lastnosti obravnavamo kot zdravilno blato ali peloid, ki ga nekateri doma~ini in turisti že uporabljajo v obliki blatnih oblog. Uporaba peloidov v balneoterapiji je namenjena predvsem zdravljenju mi{i~nih, kostnih in kožnih obolenj ter spro{~anju in velnesu. Številne nedavne raziskave peloidov so pokazale, da so eni izmed glavnih dejavnikov, ki pogojujejo (ne)uporabo peloida v balneoterapevtske namene, zrnavost, mineralo{ka sestava, kationska izmenjevalna kapaciteta (KIK), elementna in mikrobiolo{ka sestava izvornega »geolo{kega materiala«. Iz rezultatov predhodnih raziskav je razvidno, da peloid iz zaliva Makirina gradi zelo slabo sortiran pe{~en mulj z visoko kationsko izmenjevalno kapaciteto (63,82 meq/100g). V mineralni sestavi peloida prevladujeta dolomit in kremen, sledijo ilit/muskovit, aragonit, kalcit, halit in pirit. Povpre~ne koncentracije potencialno toksi~nih elementov (PTE) v peloidu iz zaliva Makirina, dolo~enih v tokratni raziskavi zna{ajo: As (17,6 mg/kg), Cr (92,09 mg/kg), Cu (44,5 mg/kg), Mo (31,8 mg/kg), Pb (28,9 mg/kg) in Zn (69,2 mg/kg) in so primerljive z rezultati preteklih {tudij. Koncentracije PTE v bento{ki algi Codium bursi (C. bursa) so slede~e: As (8,8 mg/kg), Cr (15,7 mg/kg), Cu (5,6 mg/kg), Mo (0,7 mg/kg), Pb (3,6 mg/kg) in Zn (16,3 mg/kg). Izra~unani faktorji prenosa (TF) za PTE iz povr{inskega peloida (0-5 cm) v bento{ko algo C. burso so manj{i od 1, kar pomeni, da se PTE iz peloida ne prena{ajo oziroma se v C. bursi ne akumulirajo. Rezultati prisotnosti koliformnih bakterij in E. coli se ujemajo s preteklimi rezultati, ki so pokazali, da jih v peloidu ni, kar nakazuje, da peloid ni fekalno kontaminiran. Peloid iz zaliva Makirina ima (z izjemo povi{anih koncentracij Cr in Mo) primerljive lastnosti s peloidi, ki se trenutno že uspe{no uporabljajo v razli~nih spa-centrih po svetu, vendar je treba pred potencialno uporabo opraviti dodatne raziskave, kot je na primer dolo~itev mobilnosti Cr in Mo. AbstractRecent marine sediments from Makirina bay are according to their organoleptic properties, treated as peloid or healing mud, already frequently used by local people and tourists as pomades. The application of peloids in balneotherapy is mainly intended for therapeutic treatment generally related to muscle-bone skin pathologies and purposes of wellness and relaxation. Recent studies point out that one of the main factors determining the final characteristics of peloids are grain size distribution, mineralogy, cation exchange capacity (CEC), elemental and microbiological composition of initial »geological material«. As reported by previous studies Makirina Bay peloid is represented mostly by sandy silt with relatively high CEC value (63.82 meq/100g). Peloid m...

Benthic organisms as ecological indicators for the status assessment of coastal ecosystems

“…The PTE contents in seawater of Makirina Bay are similar to those in marine sediments; as reported in our previous studies (Komar et al , 2014, 2015a, b), the concentrations in surficial (0–5 cm) sediments are (in mg kg −1 ): 14.47 (As), 0.27 (Cd), 7.05 (Co), 82.1 (Cr), 27.64 (Cu), 200 (Mn), 13.82 (Mo), 26.51 (Ni), 23.74 (Pb) and 47.67 (Zn), and decrease in the order: Mn > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Mo > Co > Cd (Komar et al , 2014, 2015a, b). Only the concentrations of chromium (Cr) stand out – the concentrations of Cr are very high in the sediments, whereas in the seawater they are below the DL.…”

“…The only larger village nearby is Pirovac, with ~2000 inhabitants. The depth of the sea barely exceeds 0.5 m in the southern part of the bay and increases seawards to a depth of 4.5 m. The bottom of Makirina Bay is covered by a sediment body (up to 3 m thick), overgrown mostly by the seagrass C. nodosa (Šparica et al , 2005; Vreča & Dolenec, 2005; Miko et al , 2008; Komar et al , 2014, 2015a, b). The rocks in the upper-infralittoral belt of the bay are covered by macroalgae.…”

“…The rocks in the upper-infralittoral belt of the bay are covered by macroalgae. The sediment of Makirina Bay has been extensively studied since it is frequently used for therapeutic and/or cosmetic treatments (Šparica et al , 2005; Vreča & Dolenec, 2005; Miko et al , 2008; Komar et al , 2014, 2015a, b).

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“…Samples of C. nodosa , C. echinus and G. lubrica were handpicked in the central part of the bay in May 2013 (Figure 1), washed in seawater, refrigerated and transported to the laboratory. The sampling site was the same as that for the previous sampling of sediments (Komar et al , 2014, 2015a, b). Specimens of P. turbinatus and C. aestuarii were collected in the tidal zone.…”

“…Currently, few studies are available regarding the concentrations of PTE in the various organisms of the Adriatic Sea (Gavrilović et al , 2004; Kljaković-Gašpić et al , 2004, 2007; Bogdanović et al , 2014; Bille et al , 2015; Ujević et al , 2015). Our recent papers (Komar et al , 2014, 2015a, b) mainly focused on PTE accumulation and their speciation in recent marine sediments in Makirina Bay (Central Adriatic). The results of the enrichment factors (EF) and sequential leaching procedure indicated the human-induced introduction of arsenic (As), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) into the sediments.…”